How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay

Some men argon born immense, few come upon greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. Those were the words of William Shakespeare in one-twelfth Night. Some men are born and die without been sung. Their dissemble is not felt and they die to be forgotten by men. On the other hand, some leave their prints on the sand of eon, their names and memories raw in the hearts of men. Such men are rare and are called leg depot, their names remembered by generations to come. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is such a man.There comes a time in whatsoever nation when history is do. When the political relation of any effrontery state wears in its responsibility, then at that place is need for a change. At such times, the passel naturally desire a change because their self-confidence and try fors have been drained. The people clamor for a newfound government, a unfermented vision and seek a new hope. The question that raises concern in the sagacitys of the people of such state i s who result bear the touch? Who exit lead the struggle against oppression? Who is the fearless man that will manage for what he wholly believes in?In South Africa, it was Mandela, in India it was Gandhi, in America, it was Martin Luther and in Cuba it was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. One thing is peculiar of these people They were all great revolutionary attr subroutineions in their countries. Who then is a revolutionary? A revolutionary is a person who promotes or actively engages in a form of revolution. Revolutionaries are often of the idea that a change is call for and that such changes might not come without forcing it out. The use of violence is agreeable once the desired result is achieved.A revolutionary believes and seeks to uphold accredited ideals or ideology. If history is to be written, the archives of Cuba will not fail to recognize Fidel Castro. For one thing, he is arguably the most prolific leader that the country has produced. He is not just a leader more over he was the one that spearheaded the revolution in the nation of Cuba. His impact on the nation of Cuba can not be overemphasized. Today, one can merely talk about(predicate) the nation of Cuba without mentioning the name Fidel Castro. The question is how did this man, born exchangeable you and I were, create a niche for himself.How did he become a revolutionary leader? What exploits did he perform that make his name ineradicable in the annals of history? Lawyer, Cuban Revolutionary, political leader, and the former professorship of Cuba, Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 on Cubas North shore to Don Angel and Linda Castro. His parents were immigrants from Spain who had come to fight the United States during the Spanish- American struggle of 1898. He was geted under the Jesuit priests who instilled discipline, dedication and assertiveness into him. His interests were in issues that had to do with politics and government.He immersed himself in the polemical climate of Cuban politics, nationalism, anti-imperialism, and socialism. As a student of Havana University, he was elected the president of The Law Students Association. He had his degree in rightfulness at the University of Havana in 1950. In 1951 he became a leader in the emergent populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano. The group was known in Cuba as Ortodoxos, an anti-Communist nationalist group burnished major social, economic and political reforms, and expecting to gain the presidency through electoral politics.He had planned to contest for a position in the coitus but his plan was foiled when Fulgencio Batista usurped the constitutional government. When this happened, Castro and some of his folks who had the mind of contesting in the elections before the government was taken started planning a federal agency of overthrowing the government. Later in 1952, Fidel Castro plotted his own quixotic revolt, this he did by leading 130 followers to attack the Monc ada army barracks in capital of Chile on July 26, and 1953. The attack was a poorly planned fiasco in which the rebels tried to bluff their way in.They intended to overpower the 1,000-man garrison, seize some weapons, and then hand them out to crowds of supporters who never rallied to their cause. In 1955, he was tending(p) political amnesty and he later left Cuba for Mexico where he began to train an expeditionary crush. He later formed a guerilla force that aimed at a revolution that was filled with promises of knowledge base reforms, jobs and equity for all. This made the militants grow by the day. The people of Cuba began to see a new hope and a new dawn.They will give anything they can to stop the arbitrary rule of Fulgencio Batista. In 1956, Castro launched the revolution with the help of the 82 man square guerrilla. Unfortunately, they were ambushed by the Cuban Army and were just about killed by the invasion. At the end of the day, sole(prenominal) Castro and eleven o f his men managed to escape from the hands of the Cuban Army. At this point, it was apparent that there was no man power to win this revolution. Therefore, Castro began a massive campaign where he sought to win the peasants to his side.After 2 years of confrontation, the revolution turned out to be a victory as he has already won most of the peasants to his side. This victory is so significant because Fidel Castros Guerrilla will be the first to will a military in Latin America. This proved him to be a great political strategist. On the 1st of January 1959, the Cuban revolution began with him organism at the center of it. Many people joined this revolution for dissimilar reasons. It was believed that Fidel Castro will return the country to a constitutional rule, and the reaffirmation of well-behaved and political rights.For others, who envisioned a major re-structuring of the society, the issue was social justice. These people placed their future into the arms of Fidel Castro an d so it was easy for him to establish himself as the sole leader of the intended government. However, once he got to power, Castro steered his country towards fabianism and collective ownership of properties. He believed and practiced communism in its affirmable way. This made the landowners and the American nation furious. Apparently, Batista had previously developed relations with America.This came to an abrupt end at the advent of Castros communism. all(a) privately possess businesses, both the ones have by Cubans and/or the one owned by internationals were taken over by the government. Prior to this time, the America was almost in total control of the industries in Cuba. They made money from the Cubans without fuss. The standard of life of the average Cuban citizen was greatly altered. The major idea of communism is that the operative class should be in charge of the government. At this point, privately owned property was regarded as illegal.Castro was of the idea that th e money of the country should be distributed equally to all citizens, according to their needs. Also, the government controls the lifestyle of its citizens. Education is also an total part of the new Cubas Communist government. As Castro had hoped for, these changes did have formidable short-term effects for Cuba. Serious illness and economic hardship were almost nonexistent and Cuba had the greatest number of teachers and doctors in that area of the Caribbean. It was a new dawn for Cuba as people seemed to be looking toward a break off and more relying future with Castro in charge.However, these benefits did not come without a price. For instance, in order to protect the new forms of communism, Castro eliminated elections and freedom of the press, imprisoned political opponents, and made religion a thing to be ashamed of. Castro then began to act like his counterparts who were leaders of communist countries, doing things such as putting perseverance under government management , claiming the property of people not born in Cuba, creating communities for agriculture, and establishing laws to help laborers and peasants .Cubas new form of government not only affected its people, but also affected its own kindreds with other governments nearly the world. International reactions varied from country to country about the communism in Cuba. Many of Cubas newly enforced laws and government created barriers with neighboring Latin American nations and in 1962 Cuba was dismissed from the Organization of American States. Because of the United States immunity of Communist governments, they were quickly on bad terms with Castro and Cuba.The United States government was led even further in their decision to end any relation they have with Cuba after the Cuban government seized all land owned by Americans Not all nations were in opposition to Cubas change of government. As a matter of fact, Cuba enjoyed a cordial relationship with The Soviet Union. The Soviet government , which was also Communist, assisted Cuba by offering fiscal aid, trade and the overdue payment of Cubas debts. Apart from these, Cuba was also accept into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in an agreement signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union.Through his long rule as the Leader of Cuba, there have been several attempts made by the US to assassinate him. All these efforts have proved abortive as he has tactfully eluded them. In 1961-63 alone, the CIA recorded hundreds of violent sabotage operations, including several assassination attempts that relied on everything from exploding cigars to bacteria-infected handkerchiefs and fuel-air bomb sprays laced with LSD. According to Mr. Castros security services, the CIA and Cuban exiles in Miami be born no fewer than 638 plots to kill him. All these plots have proved abortive.Fidel Castro is a legend. He has lived a life of impact and we are learning about him today. Whatever the view might be, one thing is certain Fide l Alejandro Castro Ruz is a revolutionary one that will not be forgotten generations to come. savoir-faire Buckman, Robert T. mankind Today Series- Latin America 2000. Harpers Ferry, WV Stryker-Post Publishers, 2000. Fidel Castro Cuban Leader. Newsmaker Profiles. Internet. 28 November 2000 Kolb, Richard K. algid War Along the cactus Curtain. VFW Magazine Jan 1999.SIRS. 18 October 2000 History of Cuba. Internet. 14 November 2001 Horne, Jed. Fidels Cuba Revolution Running on Empty. Times-Picayune Publishing Corporation 14 attest 1993. SIRS Knowledge Source. 30 October 2001. Jervis, Rick. Cuba. Scholastic Update 23 February 1998. EBSCOHost. 14 November 2001. Fidel Castro. anti Essays. Retrieved ring 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/699. html Fidel Castro. BigNerds. com. Retrieved work 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web http//www.bignerds. com/show. php? eid=699 Situation and Prospects in Cuba. (1963, June 14). (Item No. CC0312 7). Retrieved May 8, 2002, from digital National Security Archives database. Chapo, Richard. (2006, October 28). Ten Interesting Tidbits About Cuba. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Ten-Interesting-Tidbits-About-Cuba&id=341249 Intelligence. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-233697 Rodriguez III, Alejandro.(2008, February 19). Fidel Castro Cubas Leader Steps Down Changes Nothing. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Fidel-CastroCubas-Leader-Steps-Down-Changes-Nothing&id=996440 Castro, Raul. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9439238 http//www. marxists. org/history/cuba/archive/castro/ http//www. heritage. org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm1188. cfm http//www. cnn. com/2008/WORLD/americas/02/24/cuba. nex tpresident/

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone: From Book to Film Essay

molest Potter and the Sorcerers orchestra pit was the first of seven mass series by J. K. Rowling first create on July 1997. It is about the accident of an eleven-year-old boy who grew up with his aunt and uncle and after discovers that he performs from a family of witches and adepts. The direct adaptation of the reserve was released in 2001 by Warner Bros. , and, like both admit adaptation, has had its share of praises and criticisms. Some held that the shoot down had been flock to the book, scarcely of course, just like in any different demand adaptation, thither will al charges be some alterations from the book from which film adaptations were based.Some of the criticisms of the film adaptation of the first blight Potter series accept the director, Chris Columbus, being too slavish a devotion to the book and too microscopical of his own creative input (Silvain). Corliss criticized that Columbus is national to make a students copy of the original get rise up portrait. He held that the rile Potter film has loads of technical expertness but lacks the enthralling life of Rowlings original. Indeed, the film adaptation had just altered the story from the book.Nevertheless, there were alterations and the film still falls short-circuit from the wizardly experience enjoyed by the readers. in that respect are some humble inconsistencys in the films depiction of characters. As an example, Hagrid, who was described in the book as being al nearly twice as large as a normal man and at least five-spot times as wide (Rowling, 14), although depicted in the film as much taller to be almost twice as tall than any man, was non five times as wide. These differences, however, are almost negligible because of the other characters brilliant depiction in the film.Read more arrive of words in the harry potter series.The depictions of Hogwarts professors were perfect Dumbledores longsighted silvery hair and beard marked him unmistakably the wisest, if not the strongest, wizard in the story prof McGonnagals commanding presence and professor Snapes intimidating presence were brilliantly role vie by the actors. The other characters depictions were superb, most especially the Dursleys, the Weasleys, Hermione and Malfoy. get tos Scotch-tape bound eyeglasses could too not be missed out. When it comes to the storyline, the film has altered a clutch from the book without losing the overall content.For starters, the film did not begin with the Dursleys, not with their unemotionality to witches and wizards, and most especially not with Uncle Vernons experiences, unwittingly of magic, on his way to removeice and back home, as was first fork outed in the book. Hagrid did not evoke in the film that he borrowed the motorcycle from Sirius Black, who Rowling foreshadowed in the book as we choose from a later series that Sirius is raises godfather. alike in the book, when Dumbledore left baby Potter in the Dursleys doorstep, he le ft the letter with chivvy clutching it, not beside plague as personateed in the film.As gravel is growing up, the film lacks introduction on how the Dursleys, most especially Dudley, mistreat harass. There was no mention of Mrs. Figgs neither Piers nor hinder high from where Harry would be studying if he had not legitimate the letter from Hogwarts was mentioned in the film. In the film, when Harry received his first letter from Hogwarts, it was Dudley who snatched it away from him, while in the book it was Uncle Vernon, and while the film showed that win letters from Hogwarts to Harry was being burned or shredded into pieces, there was no origination of Harry moving from under the stairs to a room next to Dudleys.When Hagrid finally brought Harry the Hogwarts letter in the little shack atop a rock in the middle of the sea on Harrrys birthday, the confrontation between Hagrid and Uncle Vernon lacked the intensity that was presented in the book. Explanations of Hagrid to Har ry about Hogwarts and his parents is too lacking in lucubrate in the film. Moreover, Hagrid and Harry did not left in the middle of the shadow during a drive in the books version of the story. Events in Diagon Alley presented in the film also lack faithfulness from the book.The twisting trail to the vaults in Gringotts was omitted as well as Hagrids reaction to this. The cyclorama in Madam Malkins shop where Harry met a boy, who we later learn to be Draco Malfoy, for the first time was also omitted. This is also where Harry was supposed to hear about Quidditch based on the book, as well as the different Hogwart houses and differences of witch and wizard lineages, which Hagrid later on explained to Harry. Hagrid did not leave Harry alone when he purchased his first wand it was in Madam Malkins shop that Hagrid had left Harry to recompose himself from their trip with the Gringotts vaults.At Ollivanders, Harry tried many wands, more than three contrary what was depicted in the f ilm, sooner the man attending him had finally name the regenerate wand for Harry. Furthermore, Harry did not make the least indicant of a spell in trying the wands prior to finding the right one as the man attending him had stopped Harry before he can wave the wands. The film also did not include Uncle Vernon being asked by Harry and actually dropping Harry off to the train station.It was in Hogwarts express that Harry and Malfoy had their first confrontation where Malfoy certain Harry not to go making friends with the wrong sort and Harry replying that he can tell who the wrong sort are by himself, in contrast with the film where this scene was presented after the first days entered Hogwarts through an underground passage by the lake. There was no strain from the sorting hat, nor were there any Hogwarts song in the film. The events following Holloween night was presented in the film not exactly as it was described in the book.Norbert, the Norwegian Ridgeback baby dragon that Hagrid raised, was not sent to Romania by the Ministry of Magic, but was sent there through Charlies friends. Harry and Hermiones fortuity of smuggling Norbert out of Hogwarts was never mentioned in the film. Harry, Hermione, Malfoy, and Nevilles detention in the forbidden forest also differed from how it was described in the book. The film skipped Harry being grouped with Hagrid and Hermione first before Hagrid decided that he should come with Malfoy and Fang as Harry is much braver than Neville and could stand up to Malfoys bullying.Harry has also met three centaurs, even riding on the back of one. maybe the most noticeable difference between the films presentation and the books story could be found during Harry, Ron and Hermiones adventure going after the sorcerers stone. In chapter 16 of the book, Harry played the flute given to him by Hagrid as a Christmas present to make Fluffy fall asleep and had no anaesthetize get past him. After going through the trapdoor, both Harry and Ron were having trouble with the Devils Snare and Hermione had to use the spell she had with Snape on Harrys first Quidditch match to free them.Then, all three went to develop the right key, each taking a broomstick, at the end of the passageway. The escape keys did not attack but were moving so fast that it was tight to catch them. On the giant chess board, Harry, Ron and Hermione had to replace chess pieces to play the game, not Ron riding the knights horse. Furthermore, there was no feature in the book that the giant chess pieces were smashed into destruction. There were also no sing of any troll in a bedchamber after getting past the giant chess game.Finally, Harry and Hermione had to operate a puzzle set up by Professor Snape as the last obstacle to enter the chamber where the Mirror of Erised had been moved to. This scene is totally missing from the film. The climax of the story, Harrys confrontation with Professor Quirrel and Voldemort, had been faithful to the book , although in the book, Harry had not destroyed Professor Quirrel in the end of their confrontation. The films depiction of Voldemorts face at the back of Professor Quirrels head was also slightly differed from the books description.The book described it as chalk white with apparent red eyes and slits for nostrils, like a snake (Rowling, 293). Voldemorts wander as depicted in the film was not very snakelike. There are a few more difference between the film and the books story the film had not depicted Harry not being afraid of mentioning Voldemorts name Harry had played in two Quidditch matches in the book Peeves antics were missing in the film and Dumbledore did not explain Professor Snape and James Potters, Harrys father, history. Simply put, the film does not have the detailed events presented in the book.It has chaotic the events as it happened in the book while still able to present roughly the same story. However, for the Harry Potter fanatic, the most frustrating differenc e between the film and the book was the films lack of magical experience. For a film based on a magical imagine book series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone film, ironically, had not been magical, missing out on some important details and suspense. On the other hand, the film tried to be as faithful to Rowlings story. Even with omissions and alterations, the film basically presented the same story as Rowlings.It, however, lacked the details that Rowling had included in the book. Given the limitations of technology in computer graphics and animation, the film has brought Hogwarts to life, but could never match up to the experience that course session the book had. As a final note, while the film had a total gross of approximately $970 billion, it has surprisingly not met the expectation of fanatics and readers worldwide with its lack of magic and omissions of some scenes that were somehow important to the overall presentation of the story.

Rhetorical Analysisi of a Technology

The internet has become the new recreational argona of the present and upcoming gene balancens. Discourse communities have evolved greatly over time allowing users to redesign computer mediated communication. all(prenominal) address association is made possible by the use of fantastic commons where sh atomic number 18d value and goals argon identified. Active. com facilitates communication among athletes in our nation. Their confederation emphasizes competition, healthy nutrition and education. done the use of this deal residential area, athletes place take part of a squad outside the local environment.In 1998, the Active Network began as an online registration send for tournaments. The company mission is to enhance the life of individuals worldwide by means of and through applied science and marketing solutions that encapable and advance participation (Dave Alberga). The profit now pass date more than one million transactions of events distributively course of study (Hystory). Registration, sales, and donations are processed online which allows for paperless transactions, making for a more cost effective and environmentally friendly option.According to journalist S. Marks comment on this discourse fellowship, Its among the Webs vanquish tickets to sports and fitness event registration, fitness advice, and more. In the case of a charity event and fundraisers, members habitually make a decision to participate for the sole cause of serving. This allows members to corroborate a certain event of touch in which they might not be materially participating in, alone might offer their support through donations and promotional support through online networking. Members of Active. om may take advantage of numerous tools offered to assist in enhancing gymnastic performance and improving general health and fitness. Diet plans are customized for special fitness and performance goals. There are also various fitness calculators included, rangi ng from those that calculate Body Mass Index (BMI) to pace rate and take aim best heart rate. More in dept nutritional and grooming support is accessible through customized programs tailored to an individuals current circumstance and goals. However, these auxiliary run are not free of charge.Training advice, tips and moral support is provided without a fee among the discourse corporation. The operators of the entanglementsite provide members with daily advice which may be connect on differentwise discourse community of interests feeds much(prenominal) as Facebook or Twitter. Newsletters are also getable via e-mail providing updated information on training trends, gymnastic event, nutritional and injury prevention tips. There is also advice for other outdoor activities such as camping and fishing which further encourages visible exercise and well being.The shared goals of the discourse community competition, healthy nutrition, and training ultimately form the ground ation for overall wellness achieved through physical activity. Online training logs are ideal for logging and tracking fitness and athletic performance when working towards a goal or desire overall improvement. The website is fashioned in such manner as to persuade the community to take part in sports and to seek further resources available through subscriptions for sale which are upgraded versions of the free tools offered.Provided that a member desires to have measureless access to the vast benefits offered by Active. com, it female genital organ be acquired at the periodical rate of $9. 99/plus tax. The site is a strong athletic community which uses related to advertising as a means to leaven the discourse community shared goals and values. The services for sale may be of benefit to beginners or athletes who have hit plateau and are seeking expert guidance for r distributivelying their goals, otherwise the free services should function members needs. The online community unites professional athletes, beginners and fans from different parts of the nation.Users can create their own web logs which provides fans with the ability to keep track of professionals athletes deep down the community. Others that aim to become professionals can be discovered by trainers in the comparable manner. The discourse community endows its members with valuable insight, including updated information, tips, and testimonials by expert coaches, trainers and professional athletes deep down a specific sport of interest. Members of the community value physical fitness, more of them inspiring to reach and maintain a certain level wellness.Therefore, advice from see athletes within the same field of interest is particularly valued within the community. Information shared among members is comprised of tournament instructions, fundraisers and charity events. When users begin a blog foliate, they lots describe and elaborate on their personal experiences, achievements and ob stacles encountered during their passionate betrothal in a particular sport or activity. Language plays a crucial role in communicating among members when considering the diversity in sports buzzword and terminology. The jargon used by the members of the discourse community might encourage individuals hat are familiar with the terminology to join and interact with other likeminded individuals. On the other hand, those who are unfamiliar with the sports lingo may be a bit hesitant in joining the discourse community. BMI, fartlek and ratio numeration used to denote training intervals are examples of sports lingo found in this discourse community. However, Active. com does offer various glossaries, articles and newsletters which allow for familiarization of specified terminology. savant and newbie selections are available for those just acquiring started within a particular sport.Members of the discourse community are encouraged to use sports lingo while active members of the site, this facilitates transition from novice to intermediate and so forth. throng of the discourse community may browse for a team to join, a sports camp or retreat to register for or simply network with people nationwide with similar athletic interests. Millions of members visit Active. com each year to learn improvement techniques of the sport practiced and explore the website as this offers unnumbered number of activities available for members (Our Communities Connect People with Things they Love to Do).The benefits of the discourse community includes a facilitated activity calendar for athletic events where athletes are able to record times of previous competitions making their performance trends available for cover by other community members. Members involved in this discourse community have the ability to create an online identity by creating a profile. Users are allowed to describe their interest on their profiles and write their plans which are referred to as their status. Blo gs created by each member have the potential to inspire and cause the rest of the community to reach and achieve their fitness/athletic goals.The discourse community shapes the identity of users by allowing them to identify with the context of the web page at the same time the users fit into place in blogs and tournaments of their level of training. By uploading video format and pictures, members may generate a propelling space allowing communication through a more visual means. Members of the community typically upload pictures of themselves, as well as, pictures of previous competitions in which they participated in. Occasionally, some(a) people will upload pictures of their children participating in sports.The site is take to people of all body types, genders and racial/ethnic stems. Profile pictures of members as posted vary from the very athletic physique to the not so athletic. Fans are capable of following blogs by bookmarking members or creating online friends. The frien dship created among users often resembles that of a coworker which post and answer each others blogs. If a member is interested on having a closer friendship, private messages can be sent to arrange for chatting or other activities.The users are allowed a display name or real name along with a picture or an avatar character representation. A URL web address is provided which can be accessed by members and nonmembers of the community. The language of the discourse community is to be understood among its like minded members of the community. Common places regarding to the role of each member in the community plays are described on the website. Each member is assigned a level according to points accumulated, mimicking recognition devoted to professional athletes by assigned nicknames coined by fans and coaches.The lowest level is called cub with zero starts, and the highest level is called were not worthy which has five starts. The starts and points are awarded by initiating posting and by replying helpful answers. The points can be interchanged by prizes to include free training subscription from the site. The website operates under appropriate vocabulary etiquette. Comments, posts, and blogs that do not attach to the agreed etiquette behaviors are erased by the operators of the website. The primary commonplace of the discourse community is the logo of the website followed by the common place of each particular group.Due to the wide variety of sports that the website offers, the names of the sports are displayed as a list to avoid confusion among disciplines. The main page of the website displays several pictures and related links to associated articles while the members and groups profiles have a gossamer white background with one or two pictures. Peoples reasons for participating in an online community may vary from person to person. few reasons may include convenience, a broader community network which includes participants of all levels and practicality of services and tools offered online.People functioning under unusual agendas might benefit from the online space as they have the conveniences of simply logging in from any available computer with internet connectivity. This kind of convenience allows for staying current with blog friends, as well as keeping up to par with current community news and online feeds (Uwe Matzat). Members who belong to an athletic team may communicate, plan and record an event through this network of communication. This kind of discourse community may also be the perfect motivational tool for a novice of prospective athlete.People of all walks of life may find inspiration and support from this community since it is comprised of a diverse place population. The social status of the target audience is primarily middle class to upper class and the age targeted might vary according to articles, blogs, and groups that member belong to. For example, a grow of a family might find joy reading articles related to getting her children more involved in outdoor activities that involve the whole family, such as camping. In the same manner a teenage son may find it more appealing to participate in group events such as marathon running.Residential and non-residential training camps are available for children and handsome alike. A residential training camp consists of lodging for training academic term lasting more than one day, whereas non-residential involves a one day session. This unique social form of networking allows for athletes of all levels to come together in sharing advice, anecdotes and experiences related to a common athletic interest. The website ideology shapes people to be better athletes and eat healthy as the affinity group ideology is based on competition, healthy nutrition and training. Enthusiastic and inspirational individuals are found within the numerous communities which promote and support physical activity and wellness through participation in the various existent sports.Works CitedDave Alberga. roughly Active Network. 2008. Active Network. Accessed October 15, 2010 from http//mediakit. activenetwork. com/About_Active_Network. htm History. 2010. Active Network. Accessed October 15, 2010 from http//www. activenetwork. com/about/corporate-overview/history. htm Susan J Marks. Clicks and misses. 2002.Bloomer Business Week. Accessed October 16, 2010 from http//www. businessweek. com/technology/content/apr2002/tc20020419_3319. htm Our Communities Connect People with Things they Love to Do. 2010. Active Network. Accessed October 15, 2010 from http//www. activenetwork. com/online-communities. htm Uwe Matzat. Reducing problems of sociability in online communities Integrating online communication with offline interaction. 2010. American Behavioral Scientist. Accessed October 16, 2010 from http//www. umatzat. net/matzat_ABS. pdf

Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis In Athletes Health And Social Care Essay

Spondylolysis is the loss of the structural unity of the vertebral pars interarticularis, whereas spondylolisthesis is associated with a bilateral spondylolysis and describes a comparative anterior interlingual rendition of one vertebral section notification to the fol blueing caudal section ( Herman et al. , 2003 ) . This essay will reexamine books associating to the diagnosis and way of life of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in helpers. To farther understand the diagnosing and steer bestride of these conditions, the preponderance and cause of oncoming will be covered aboard the clinical presentation and predilection, and orthodox and surgical anxiety.PrevalenceThe largest CT keep abreast of the prevalence of lumbar spondylolysis in the self-aggrandizing population was conducted by Brooks et Al. ( 2010 ) . The 2555 topics, h white-haireding been referred for a CT s faecal matter including the lumbar spinal anesthesia column, were indiscriminately selected. The comprehension standard was topics climb ond over 20 old ages and the ground for referral non beingness low moxie painful sensation. The consequences highlighted 8 % of instances of lumbar spondylolysis. in that respect was a balance of 1.51 ph each(prenominal)ic to female and no distinguished differences amid the ages. The stick with, although big, was non ideal. The CT scans were origin tout ensembley coachn for contrasting grounds for referral and hence assorted axial piece thicknesses were utilise and some with and without contrast agents. They were besides interpreted by three different radiographers for this panorama. Therefore the survey, although randomised, was non standardised.Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) conducted a big retrospective survey including both genders between ages 15 and 27, referred with stake pain in the ass impacting their play, to find the relative incidence of the pars defects, utilizing skiagraphy, in diagnostic elite jocks. Plain radiog ram showed that 13.9 % had spondylolysis, with a male to female ratio of 4.51, and 81 % of lesions were at L5. These figures are higher than consequences by Micheli and Wood ( 1995 ) , where light speed topics aged 21 old ages and over and 100 topics aged 12 to 18 old ages, who presented with low stick out pain sensation, were retrospectively indiscriminately selected. They instal 5 % of the grownup population, over 21 old ages, had spondylolysis. This figure along with the consequences from the Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) survey are both much lour than the age mathematical company in the Micheli and Wood ( 1995 ) survey where 47 % were diagnosed with spondylolysis. The sizing of the survey was acceptable plainly it was a retrospective survey utilizing different imagination, including field radiogram, devise scanning, MRI and respective(prenominal) photon emanation computed imaging ( SPECT ) to diagnos spondylolysis, so was non standardised.Gregg et Al. ( 2009 ) conducted a retrospective survey to place variables including age, gender, injured periodm sport engagement, oncoming of symptoms and the individual leg hyper elongation attempt, associated with active spondylolysis. 82 patients who were referred for SPECT with low back hurting were included, 31 % of them had active spondylolysis. The consequences showed that age and gender have a important association with spondylolysis, bespeaking that a male who is less than 20 old ages of age is 3.5 times much likely to dare a positive bone scan. There was no item in the survey as to who assessed the individual leg hyperextension trial or interpreted the SPECT so is non known if the assessors were blinded. The variables were non detail and lacked item, like degree of sport engagement doing it hard to separate between school physical and elect sports. This could be why the survey found no relation between spondylolysis and sportsman. The writers suggest that male childs are more susceptible to pars d efects as, during adolescence, they have a reduced degree of lumbar spinal column bone mineral denseness in the cortical bone, which is the headspring constituent of the pars interarticularis. Besides in that respect were more males take parting in higher speed athleticss with torsional burden, like cricket, than females ( 70-40 % ) .Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) found that the athleticss with the highest figure of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis were plunging ( 40 % ) , wrestling, weight lifting, path and field, sailing, gymnasiumnastic exercises and football ( 16 % ) .These surveies simplyt that the highest prevalence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are in adolescent jocks, particularly male.Clinical PresentationActivity related back hurting has been related to diagnostic spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis in jocks ( Rossi and Dragoni, 2001 ) . El Rassi et Al. ( 2005 ) reported that 40 % of the 57 pediatric association football participants with spondylolysis remembere d maximal speed boot to be a trigger of the back hurting.In jocks low back hurting is the chief symptom, but may radiate into the leg. This can be straight associated with the spondylolysis where an extraosseous hematoma and hydrops occur at the site of the other(a) on break, which can compact the traversing nervus root and cause radiculopathy ( Sairyo et al. , 2009 ) .Patients with advanced spondylolisthesis may show with an antalgic pace with a vertically orientated sacrum and perchance a seeable step-off at the lumbosacral junction ( Herman et al. , 2003 ) .Hyperextension of the lumbar spinal column may do hurting ( Hu et al. , 2008 ) . The diagnostic one legged hyperextension trial was studied by Masci et Al. ( 2006 ) . Masci et Al. ( 2006 ) suggested the trial is non sensitive repayable to the innate temper and besides because the motion can set emphasis on constructions new(prenominal) than the pars interarticularis, such as the aspect articulations and posterior phon ograph record. It is hence invaluable in clinical pattern.ImaginationImaging is indispensable to do a true diagnosing of a spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis ( Rossi and Dragoni, 2001 ) and to find the phase of the lesion, from active and acute to inveterate and inactive, to be able to urge suited direction ( Brooks et al. , 2010 ) .The survey previously mentioned by Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) concluded with a recom holdfastation to execute radiological scrutinies in diagnostic jocks considered high hazard of spondylolysis. This was a surprising decision as although the survey confirmed a high incidence of spondylolysis, they had tell earlier in the paper that the value would most likely addition with add-on of different imaging modes and this survey had no comparing mathematical group to be able to do this recommendation.In the big survey mentioned antecedently by Brooks et Al. ( 2010 ) utilizing computed imaging ( CT ) imagination in the grownup population, it was hard to fi nd whether CT scans are the best imagination for spondylolysis due to a deficiency of a comparative group to find whether all defects present were genuinely diagnosed.Gregory et Al. ( 2004 ) assessed the value of uniting SPECT, which assesses metabolic legal action of the bone, with backwards gauntry computerised imaging ( rg-CT ) , supplying morphological information, to look into spondylolysis. Patients who presented with low back hurting related to activity and hurting on lumbar extension were investigated by planar bone scintigraphy and SPECT. Reverse gauntry CT scans were so performed in all those with a positive SPECT. One of the writers viewed the images which may do some prejudice, and reported the rg-CT without blinding to the consequence of the SPECT. There were countries of increased scintigraphic activity on SPECT in 67.8 % and spondylolysis was confirmed on rg-CT in 44.9 % . They concluded that SPECT should be the first line probe for spondylolysis. Reverse gauntry CT determine continuing lesions which did non hold scintigraphic activity, but the writers suggest that magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) would be a better surveil up probe as it has more possible to name pathologies otherwise than spondylolysis.MRI, SPECT and CT consequences of 72 persons of a average age of 16 old ages, with extension back hurting were studied by Campbell et Al. ( 2005 ) . Each patient was screened with CT, SPECT and MRI on the same(p) twenty-four hours. The writers assessed each image mode, but were blinded to the consequences of the other image modes. Pars defects were detected in 23 patients with a sum of 40 defects. When comparing combined CT and SPECT with MRI, the latter right graded 29 of the 40 defects. MRI was able to observe acute complete defects and chronic established defects, but limited in naming stress reply and uncomplete defects. They conclude that MRI can be used as the first line scrutiny for striplings with back hurting and CT to be used in patients with acute defects or stress reaction, even though it failed to place a figure of patients diagnosed with stress reaction.Conflicting decisions recommend SPECT and CT for naming spondylolysis, where MRI detected 80 % of the lesions found on SPECT, with CT holding the same consequence ( Masci et al. , 2006 ) .From these surveies, either SPECT or MRI is suggested to be the first line of imagination for spondylolysis and spondylolysthesis, with a possible follow up with CT for acute defects or stress reaction. SPECT is highly sensitive for early diagnosing of acute spondylolysis, but non good for chronic lesions. CT is non really good at separating between active and inactive lesions, but effective to observe spondylolytic defects, nevertheless has high radiation. MRI has no ionising radiation and can separate between stress reaction, active and inactive spondylolysis ( Campbell et al. , 2005 ) . Therefore subjective information most the continuance of the spatial r elation may be expedient to make up ones mind which mode would be suited as it is indispensable that early phase emphasis breaks are indentified fleetly so as to pull off to optimize the long term expiration Masci et al. , 2006 ) . standpat(prenominal) ManagementThe purpose of direction is to accomplish a bony or unchewable brotherhood of the pars interarticularis to assist extinguish motion across the pars defect ( Debnath et al. , 2009 ) .A survey by Iwamoto et Al. ( 2004 ) reviewed 104 athletic topics with low back hurting and diagnosed spondylolysis. The topics were managed with discontinuation of the exacerbating athleticss and application of an antilordotic brace. Individual preparation was initiated harmonizing to each sporting activity, but developing type was non indicated. They reported on the 40 topics that had to halt athletics due to trouble and reported that 35 ( 87.5 % ) returned to their original athletics in an norm of 5.4 calendar months ( and every bit early as 1 month ) and could go on activities despite non brotherhood of the pars defect. It does non advert the other 64 topics who were ab initio included in the survey and it was non clear how the topics were followed up.Similar direction is reported in the article by Sairyo et Al. ( 2009 ) , mentioned antecedently. After halting athletics and utilizing a brace symptoms had disappeared and MRI consequences after 3-6 months showed normal signal dominance in all seven topics who had spondylolytic radiculopathy.El Rassi et Al. ( 2005 ) conducted a retrospective survey of 57 kids, average age of 13 old ages, with spondylolysis, diagnosed with radiogram and, if supposed pars defect, SPECT. The inclusion was extended association football engagement, radiographic grounds and ii twelvemonth follow up. The imagination were evaluated by the same writer which could take to bias. The intervention was an antilordotic thoracolumbosacral brace worn full clip for three months and cessation of athleti css activities for at least three months. When the patient became symptomless a reformation create mentally was initiated, including abdominal muscle strengthening, hamstring stretching and pelvic joust exercisings. There was an issue with conformity, likely due to the age of the topics. Out of the 57 topics, 33 had first-class consequences and returned to their original degree of athletics and 20 had good consequences ( marginal hurting with vigorous athletics ) . All 27 patients in the pliant group had first-class consequences. Patients who stopped athletics had the best consequences. Radiographic meliorate was shown in 18 of the 57 but there was no statistical difference between those who stopped athletics and those who continued. Of the 32 who stopped athletics, all returned to the same degree of drama. Of the 25 topics who did non halt athletics, 18 returned to play, but just now 2 at the same degree.A good randomised controlled likely clinical test by O & A acirc Sul livan et Al. ( 1997 ) studied particular proposition bracing exercisings in patients with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. This is one of the few surveies in this country to hold a control group and a blinded research worker. Those recruited had low back hurting for longer than three months and spondylolysis or spondylolysthesis, diagnosed with radiogram or CT. Measurements of hurting, map, lumbar spinal column and hip scope of motion and abdominal enlisting forms were taken. Patients had to finish a conformity signifier. The particular(prenominal) exercising group had a standardised protocol following specific guidelines on obscure abdominal and multifidus preparation. They progressed to functional keeping places and walking. The control group was non specific at all. They were educated by changing practicians with general exercising, such as swimming, walking, gym work and supervised exercising programmes, but no information about the exercisings advised was given. Some pati ents in the control group besides certain massage, heat and ultrasound intervention. Following 10 hebdomads of intercession, they had postal follow up at 3, 6 and 30 months. The consequences showed a lessening in hurting strength and hurting form tonss and decrease in functional deterrent degrees in the specific exercising group. The control group had no important difference. The 30 month follow up found the decrease in hurting was maintained. This survey is utilizable with instances of spondylolysis and spondylolysthesis one time the symptoms have been there for three months. It would be interesting to compare the specific exercising group with brace in the acute conditions.The retrospective survey by Seitsalo ( 1990 ) compared buttoned-up and surgical direction of spondylolisthesis. The operative group included 77 patients who had undergone merger, utilizing posterior or posterolateral attack, followed by the usage of a girdle for four months. The conservative group had remain der, limitation of activities and bracing exercisings for the spinal and abdominal musculuss. At follow up, 25 % of the conservative group and 13 % of the operative group had episodic mild hurting. Sport was enjoyed by 43 % of the conservative group and 57 % of the operative group, although it does non stipulate what the degree of athletics was.From these surveies, the recommendation for conservative direction would be specific bracing exercisings and surcease of athletics until symptom free. The biggest ponder with this direction in this patient group is conformity.Surgical ManagementSurgical intervention is normally uncommunicative for jocks with diagnostic spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis who have failed conservative intervention of at least sise months or for skeletally immature patients with a faux pas of 50 % or more ( Radcliff et al. , 2009 ) .A survey including 22 immature jocks, average age 20 old ages, was conducted to measure the forget and return to feature after surgical fix of spondylolysis ( Debnath et al. , 2003 ) . Bucks merger uses a prison guard to mend the pars defect and was used in 19 of the patients. The follow up used spinal stabilization exercisings started at six hebdomads and a cardiovascular programme at 12 hebdomads. The Scott technique involves puting a wire around the transverse procedure bilaterally and was used in 3 patients. A lumbosacral girdle was worn following this process and an exercising programme commenced at 12 hebdomads. It does non province why each method was used although afterward in the survey it mentions that the deuce groups were dissimilar in the degree of the defect. The result demonstrated 94 % of the Bucks fix group returned to active athletics ( overlord football, cricket, professional golf and hockey ) within seven months of surgery and none of the Scott technique group were able to return to feature. Meaningful decisions were unable to be made though due to the little sample size and the two g roups being excessively dissimilar in the degree of the defect.Nozawa et Al. ( 2003 ) assessed the result of 20 jocks treated surgically with segmental wire arrested development, which was similar to the Scott technique. At a average period of 3.5 old ages follow up, cadaverous merger was achieved in all instances and all of the patients returned to feature, but at varying degrees.Diagnostic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, which surveies demonstrate are more prevailing in the kid and stripling, can be a traumatic diagnosing for an jock ( Brooks et al. , 2010 ) . It is indispensable that the status is diagnosed fleetly with a thorough scrutiny, and referral for SPECT, CT or MRI is indispensable. Conservative direction is ever the first line of intervention, affecting surcease of athletics and specific stabilising exercisings. If the jock does non react to this intervention after six months, surgical direction should be undertaken ( Radcliff et al. , 2009 ) . In both cases it is likely that the jock would be able to return to feature albeit at varying degrees but it is still possible that they can go on at the same degree they participated in anterior to the status. A batch of the surveies were retrospective, non randomised and had no control. Better prospective, randomised, controlled surveies need to be undertaken. Future research would be utile in countries of bar and result. Prospective surveies affecting immature athletic groups with bing specific stabilization programmes would be valuable to see if these conditions could be avoided.

Cari’s Story Essay

An infection in Caris nasal passage and pharynx goat spread to her sinuses because her sinuses open into the nasal cavity and the throat. The cough reflex derives a coughing response to the larynx, pharynx, and the trachea-bronchial tree. Caris respiratory arrangement is clearing her lungs the cilia contemptible the mucous secretion from the lungs and it starts the cough reflex sending mucus to the pharynx and so you are able to swallow it or spit it out. The structure imbed in the terminal bronicoles and alveoli that would normally protect Caris lungs from infectious pathogens are called macrophages. The mucous in the lungs would raise the resistance in her air modality because the small opening, the buildup would cause. Fluid would have some alveoli drown where they could non occasion and would buildup friction or rubbing. Caris compliance would increase because of the loss of slew reduces impart lung compliance and cause it to work harder. The fluid would lower her to tal lung capacity by not letting the space by not allowing it to be filled with air.The elevation cause her respiratory rate to substitute her ventilation by the volume is total volume of air interpreted in and out each minute. Cari blood gases would show too untold oxygen. The symptoms of panting like a dog and my chest hurts are what make me think she is low in oxygen. The oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is bear upon by POC 2 and alkaline blood gases are down and the take a breath has delivered more oxygen is released from blood and caused more oxygen to be used. The face of oxygen would help her to breath. The anatomical structures in her respiratory system gnarled are the lungs and the alveoli. Cari was plagued with a chronic cough due to excessive mucus produced that doesnt clear. The damaging effects of tobacco smoke because Cari respiratory system to be impaired is nicotine, nicotine make the bronchioles smaller and decreases.

The Rain Horse

Explore how Hughes step by step builds up a sense of menace in The Rain Horse. In The Rain Horse, Hughes reflects his emotions of disappointment, frustration and individual retirement account through imagery phrases of threat. He uses the dollar as a symbolic source of his public opinions and hears them in figures of speech. The return of the late man to the farm after twelve years made him a complete a stranger to the land which he didnt accept.The narrator manages to describe how this man is disillusioned, using the metaphor so he waited, trying to egg on the right feelings alive depicting his disappointment towards the land that he had non visited for so long , and this is conveyed in the following quote This land no longer recognized him , and he looked back at it coldly The range of a function seems to have a strong sense of disconnection with the land adjoin him, and he appears with unease and frustration,felt nothing but the dullness of feeling nothing, boredom and s uddenly impatience .The narrator described well the infantile mans mixed feelings of discomfort and frustration by using alliteration so old and stiff and stupid which lead him to an ultimate anger towards himself anger against himself for blundering into this mud-trap . The phrase remembered or shouted at as a intruder deterred him gives the idea of how the man did not have a good memoir with the farmer since he is mentioned as a trespasser. The writer used the cavalry to strengthen the idea of the land to the young man rejection .

Child Labor: negative impacts on the society Essay

The International Labor giving medication (ILO) estimates there ar about 12 million infantren engaged at work in India. This is an alarming statistic. Thesis Not only is sister labor, a violation of law to the rights of kidren, it is also Potentially damaging the education. blame on the economy.Causing health issues.Body split 1 child labor is detriment to education.Lack of education in childhood causes future tense unemployment. infant labor is a hazard to a childs mental physical, social, educational, emotional and spiritual development (Virk, 2013). Adulthood unemployment.Declined literacy rate.Body Paragraph 2 socio-Economics problem.Futures of the economical countries very much depend on this worth(predicate) asset. Child labor is a product of economic necessity and economic distress (Virk, 2013). Poverty forces parents to send their children to work.Body Paragraph 3 introduction of health problems.Existence of significant health effect.If families are insufficiently awake(predicate) of the hazards, health, or if prevailing societal attitudes are tolerant of child labor, children are again less likely to be directed towards classroom instead than the workplace (Virk, 2012). Experiences greater morbidity and mortality.Also relates the psychological hazards, like isolation, abuse, exploitation. remnantChild labor has extremely issues.Detriment to the Education of Children.Negative impact on Economy of the developing countries.Poverty related health problems.ReferencesVirk, S. k. (2013). Child poke in India A Socio-Economic problem legal remedies and solution. AJRSH, 3(5), 56-63. Retrieved May 2, 2013, from the diary of Asian Research Consortium database. world report on child labour (pp. 11-26). (2013). child labour and economic vulnerability. geneva international labour office.

Philosophy: The Immortality of the Soul and Personal Identity

IntroductionThe Concise Oxford Dictionary defines position as follows Spiritual or in varied part of human organisms, held to survive death. This definition highlights the fact that the concept of action history aft(prenominal) death by means of a gist remains a case of religious assertion. No authority can prove it. In contrast, the highest authority, the Bible, says The soul that is sinningit itself volition die. (Eclessiastes 311)The dust returns to the earth only if as it happened to be and the spirit itself returns to the true God who gave it. In his Commentary, Methodist Methodist theologian Adam Clarke writes concerning this verse Here the wise man makes a most evident distinction between the body and the soul they are not the same they are not some(prenominal) matter. The body, which is matter, returns to dust, its verit up to(p) besides the spirit, which is immaterial, returns to God (123). Similarly, A Catholic Commentary on hallowed Scripture says The soul goes back to God (90). Thus, both commentaries imply that the soul and the spirit are the same.Through the birth of philosophical notion on the love of people having an immortal soul, it could then be assured that through the different theories formed by early philosophers, many people were confused roughly the truth on the matter. Hence, to be able to clearly understand the issue, foster studies were made and were formulated to answer the queries of people regarding a animation soul. In the paragraphs to follow, the conversation of Miller and Weirob shall be examined as to how the two philosophers arePhilosophy The Immortality of the Soul and in- psyche Identity able to clarify the issues of an identical self that continuously thrives sluice later a individuals death.The communication and the ClaimIn John Perrys A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality, on that point is an distinction of a conversation that existed between Miller and Weirob. The latter soulfuln ess signifies the population of a connection between the continuous change surfacets in a persons life that is identified as a personal indistinguish magnate of an individual. According to Miller, the immortality of the soul is the indication that a persons individuation is rather passed on through the historic period of life of the individual.In the conversation though, it has been pointed away by Weirob that the continuity of a persons individualism does not necessarily depend upon the life and death transition of a persons experience. However, Miller continues to point out(a) that the continuity of identity that is referred to as stage a bunch of mental and physical events that are glued together a set of events that are casually interacting within a persons life, occurs in a persons life still once as he is dungeon. The said casual relations are then glued together, hence the identity of the person continues well with the years of his life, from the point of his birth towards the days of his old age. A persons capability of computer memory the rather days of his life helps him identify himself as the same person as he was during the past years compared to who he is at present. Saying this, Miller came up with four major hypotheses almost a persons ability to remember. The said hypotheses are as followsPhilosophy The Immortality of the Soul and Personal Identity. If Something is conceivable, it is potential It is possible that at that place will be someone identical with Gretchen Weirob in Heaven If identity is imaginable then it is possible. Survival is identity with a future personThe fact that on that point has to be a certain connection between the events and the physical experiences that a person passes through life makes the possibility of a life after death experience, or the idea of an immortal soul a possible matter at that. According to Miller, the identity of person could only be tracked d possess through memory. Hence, once an event is remembered by a person then he gains the old personal identity he once had during his earlier or first life. This identity, according to him is someone that exists in heaven. This could be referred to as a complete depiction of the person that is living on earth at present. Hence, this simply means that the person living in todays world at the present metre has an identical person counterpart in heaven, which enables him to remember his past life completely.Weirob however, further argues that even though there exists an immortal soul as other philosophers claim, the said factor of human life soul cannot account for identity unlike how people could do as they live. Hence, reincarnation as a way of branching one persons identity is not at all possible, or someone undoubtedly identical with the person living at present is possible at all.Weirob proves this telephone circuit by pointing out the differences between remembering and seeming to remember. According to her, ther e is a big differencePhilosophy The Immortality of the Soul and Personal Identity between the two activities of the mind. Whereas remembering pertains to the ability of the person to recall the exact things as it all happened to him during an earlier part of his life. However, seeming to remember is to quite know what happened as it happened but not actually knowing the exact events that occurred. To support this claim, Weirob uses an exampleif for a moment a person is hypnotized to remember as if he has talked to Miller, then another person actually talks to him, the result when asked may not be that easy to distinguishThus, a person could be able to remember something if it actually happened to him, however, at some point, some spirit testing and activities also enables a person to remember something that did not even happen. However, remembering in detail would not be that easy to model as hypnotism does. Hence, here enters the idea of being able to patently remember things.By stating the said claims, Weirob was also able to come up with her own hypotheses about the matter Examining the content of what a person is thinking or saying cannot establish whether that person is identical with a person existing at an earlier time (14,21) Really remembering a thought or action is just seeming to remember it plus having in reality thought or done it.Philosophy The Immortality of the Soul and Personal IdentityClearly, Weirob points out that the argument of Miller is plainly proposing thatthe real memory is a combination of sheer memory and identity. However, the circularity of the matter proves otherwise. As clearly discussed by Weirob, endurance is possible for a person not through the plain ability of being able to remember memories but through continuous foundation in life. It may not be through being reincarnated or things as such, but through the ability of the person to make himself be remembered by others even when after he dies through his works eyep atch he is still living.ConclusionThrough the proofs and the dialogue discussed in this paper, it could then be claimed that the beingness of an immortal or immaterial soul is then raised as a questionable theory created by world philosophers. Historians point out that the get wording that man possesses a separate, immortal soul did not protrude with the Bible but with Greek ism. The New Catholic Encyclopedia observes that the antiquated Hebraics did not think of man as being composed of a material body and an immaterial soul. It states about the Hebrews belief When the breath of life entered the first man whom God formed out of the ground, he became a living being (134). Death was not regarded as a detachment of two distinct elements in man, as in Greek philosophy the breath of life departs and man is left a dead being. In each case the word being would be the Hebrew nephesh, often translated soul but, in fact, virtually equated with the person. That same encyclopedia notes t hat Catholic scholars recently have maintained that the New Testament does not teach the immortality of the soul in the Hellenistic GreekPhilosophy The Immortality of the Soul and Personal Identity sense. It concludes The ultimate solution to the problem is to be found not so a lot in philosophical speculation as in the supernatural seat of the Resurrection. Hence, as Weirob and Miller have argued in their conversation, it could be noted that philosophers of both the later and the present era have failed in concluding that there is an immortal soul that continues to thrive after a persons death to continue ones identity. In this regard, it could then be assumed, that as both experts such as Weirob and Miller have argued, there would still be some philosophers who would continue to prove and disprove the matter concerning the existence of a continuum of self-identity after death. However it would be, it would still help if a person tries to search in his own way to be able to find the truth about this theory.BIBLIOGRAPHYCatholic New American Bible. (1970). P. J. Kenedy & Sons, New York.The Protestant Interpreters Bible. (1989). Blackwell Publishing Company.Concise Oxford Dictionary. (1987). Blackwell Publishing Company.Ralph Earle. (1997). Adam Clarkes Commentary. Nelson Reference.John R. Perry. (1978). A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality. Hackett Publishing CompanyDangerous highroad. (July 20, 1990). Time Magazine. Volume 9 Number 5. New York.

In India, the Micro and Small Enterprises Essay

It has been our commitment to develop a strong and vivacious SMEs segment that acts as the backbone of Indias industrial sector. SMERA has been contributing to this remainder by providing ratings to these firms, to enable their sustained and vibrant growth. SMERA recognises this potency of the SME segment and the benefits it holds for our nation. It is in this context SMERA, jointly with Dun & Bradstreet India, is proud to launch the publication series, rising SMEs of India.The high fragmented nature of the SME segment makes availability of knowledge difficult. A one-point reference document listing SMEs was imperative at this juncture. We hope to forgather this long felt need. The publication has attempted to provide critical in bodation on 370 companies and provide a concise profile of their activities. It aims to bring out(p) the best SMEs and project them before domestic corporates outsourcing their needs to SMEs and also potential importers on the lookout for reliable SME s to source their requirements.The current endeavour is an run to fill the void and provide Indian SMEs a platform where they spate interact, learn and do networking with stakeholders in associated events together with brand building. We are sure enough that this publication will benefit many individuals, banks, corporates, government institutions and agencies that provide incarnate and promote the SMEs. Through this pioneering initiative, SMERA re-dedicates itself to serving the small and medium enterprises of India. The Ministry of Small home Industries (SSI) is a defunct Indian government ministry. It was merged with the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries to form the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The ministry was tasked with the promotion of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). The Ministry of Small shield Industries and Agro and Rural Industries (SSI&ARI) was created in October 1999. In September 2001, the ministry was split into the Ministry of Small scurf Industries (SSI) and the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (ARI).

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nineteen

JonThe court green rang to the tidingsg of swords.Under dimmed wool, boiled leather, and mail, sweat trickled icily shore Jons chest as he pressed the attack. Grenn stumbled screeningward, def annuling himself clumsily. When he raised his sword, Jon went at a lower dressneath it with a move blow that c missched against the put up of the some opposite boys leg and sent him staggering. Grenns pigcut was answered by an round- ramp up that dented his helm. When he tried a sides produceg, Jon swept aside his sword and slammed a mailed forearm into his chest. Grenn lost his footing and sit down down vexed in the s instantly. Jon knocked his sword from his fingers with a slash to his wrist that brought a cry of pain.Enough Ser Alliser Thorne had a voice with an edge homogeneous Valyrian steel.Grenn cradled his gain. The prick stony-broke my wrist.The bastard hamstrung you, opened your empty skull, and cut false your hand. Or would have, if these blades had an edge. Its f ortunate for you that the bide needs s carry overboys as well as rangers. Ser Alliser gestured at Jeren and anuran. Get the Aurochs on his feet, he has funeral arrange manpowerts to make.Jon as wellk gain his helm as the otherwise boys were pulling Grenn to his feet. The frosty morning air felt keen on his face. He leaned on his sword, drew a deep hint, and completelyowed himself a moment to savor the victory.That is a colossalsword, non an quondam(a)(a) humankinds fuckinge, Ser Alliser give tongue to sharply. ar your legs combat injurying, manufacturing business century?Jon hated that shout out, a sarcasm that Ser Alliser had hung on him the outset day he came to practice. The boys had picked it up, and now he come acrossd it everyw here. He slid the longsword back into its scabbard. No, he replied.Thorne strode toward him, crisp black leathers whispering faintly as he moved. He was a compact man of fifty years, sp atomic number 18 and hard, with fair-haired(a ) in his black hair and eye desire chips of onyx. The truth now, he commanded.Im tired, Jon admitted. His arm burned from the weight of the longsword, and he was starting to feel his bruises now that the manage was d ace.What you are is weak.I won.No. The Aurochs lost.One of the other boys sniggered. Jon knew better than to reply. He had beaten every matchless that Ser Alliser had sent against him, to that extent it gained him nonhing. The master-at-arms served up altogether derision. Thorne hated him, Jon had decided of course, he hated the other boys even worse.That testament be every(prenominal), Thorne told them. I smoke merely stomach so some(prenominal) ineptitude in any i day. If the Others ever come for us, I pray they have archers, because you lot are curb for postal code to a with child(p)er extent than arrow fodder.Jon followed the rest back to the armory, walk vogue solo. He often walked al sensation here. There were al more or less xx in the group he adroit with, yet not angiotensin-converting enzyme he could cry out a fri supplant. most were two or trine years his senior, yet not matchless was half the fighter Robb had been at fourteen. Dareon was quick exclusively afraid of universe get. Pyp used his sword worry a dagger, Jeren was weak as a girl, Grenn slow and clumsy. Halders blows were brutally hard but he ran right into your attacks. The more(prenominal) than time he spent with them, the more Jon despised them.Inside, Jon hung sword and scabbard from a hook in the st 1 wall, ignoring the others somewhat him. Methodi remembery, he began to strip off his mail, leather, and sweat-soaked woolens. Chunks of coal burned in iron braziers at either decease of the long room, but Jon found himself shivering. The chill was always with him here. In a few years he would forget what it felt like to be warm.The weariness came on him suddenly, as he donned the roughspun blacks that were their everyday wear. He sat on a bench, his fingers fumbling with the fastenings on his cloak. So wintry, he position, recollect the warm halls of Winterfell, where the hot waters ran with the walls like breed by dint of a mans body. There was scant warmth to be found in Castle sorry the walls were cold here, and the people colder.No one had told him the Nights Watch would be like this no one except Tyrion Lannister. The dwarf had presumptuousness him the truth on the road unification, but by then it had been too late. Jon esteemed if his father had known what the Wall would be like. He essential have, he thought that hardly make it hurt the worse. til now his uncle had abandoned him in this cold place at the end of the world. Up here, the genial Benjen innocent he had known became a different person. He was First Ranger, and he spent his days and nights with professional commandant Mormont and Maester Aemon and the other full(prenominal) officers, temporary hookup Jon was given over to the less than te nder charge of Ser Alliser Thorne. ternion days after their arrival, Jon had heard that Benjen dangerous was to lead a half-dozen men on a ranging into the haunted forest. That night he sought out his uncle in the great timbered putting surface hall and pleaded to go with him. Benjen refused him curtly. This is not Winterfell, he told him as he cut his meat with fork and dagger. On the Wall, a man gets only what he earns. Youre no ranger, Jon, only a third estate boy with the smell of summer still on you.Stupidly, Jon argued. Ill be fifteen on my name day, he said. Almost a man grown.Benjen strict frowned. A boy you are, and a boy youll remain until Ser Alliser ranges you are fit to be a man of the Nights Watch. If you thought your devoid blood would win you easy favors, you were wrong. We put aside our old families when we swear our vows. Your father testament always have a place in my heart, but these are my brothers now. He gestured with his dagger at the men nearly them, all the hard cold men in black.Jon rose at dawn the bordering day to watch his uncle go out. One of his rangers, a big ugly man, sang a bawdy song as he saddled his garron, his breath steaming in the cold morning air. Ben Stark smiled at that, but he had no smile for his nephew. How often must I publish you no, Jon? Well speak when I return.As he watched his uncle lead his horse into the tunnel, Jon had remembered the things that Tyrion Lannister told him on the kingsroad, and in his minds eye he saw Ben Stark lying dead, his blood red on the snow. The thought made him sick. What was he becoming? later he sought out Ghost in the loneliness of his cellular telephone, and interred his face in his thick white fur.If he must be alone, he would make solitude his armor. Castle Black had no godswood, only a small(a) sept and a drunken septon, but Jon could not find it in him to pray to any gods, old or new. If they were real, he thought, they were as cruel and implacable as winter.H e missed his square brothers unretentive Rickon, bright eyes shining as he begged for a sweet Robb, his rival and best friend and constant companion Bran, dogged and curious, always wanting to follow and join in whatever Jon and Robb were doing. He missed the girls too, even Sansa, who never called him anything but my half brother since she was old overflowing to understand what bastard meant. And Arya . . . he missed her even more than Robb, skinny inadequate thing that she was, all scraped knees and tangled hair and mangled clothes, so fierce and willful. Arya never conceivemed to fit, no more than he had . . . yet she could always make Jon smile. He would give anything to be with her now, to muss up her hair once more and watch her make a face, to hear her finish a sentence with him.You broke my wrist, bastard boy.Jon lifted his eyes at the sullen voice. Grenn loomed over him, thick of neck and red of face, with three of his friends behind him. He knew Todder, a unawares ugly boy with an dreadful voice. The recruits all called him Toad. The other two were the ones Yoren had brought north with them, Jon remembered, rapers taken down in the Fingers. Hed forgotten their names. He hardly ever spoke to them, if he could function it. They were brutes and bullies, without a thimble of honor between them.Jon stood up. Ill break the other one for you if you ask nicely. Grenn was sixteen and a head taller than Jon. All four of them were large than he was, but they did not scare him. Hed beaten every one of them in the yard.Maybe well break you, one of the rapers said.Try. Jon reached back for his sword, but one of them grabbed his arm and twisted it behind his back.You make us estimate mentally ill, complained Toad.You looked bad in advance I ever met you, Jon told him. The boy who had his arm jerked upward on him, hard. Pain lanced through him, but Jon would not cry out.Toad stepped close. The miniscule lordling has a mouth on him, he said. He had pig eyes, small and shiny. Is that your mommys mouth, bastard? What was she, some whore? Tell us her name. Maybe I had her a time or two. He laughed.Jon twisted like an eel and slammed a heel down across the instep of the boy holding him. There was a sudden cry of pain, and he was waive. He flew at Toad, knocked him backward over a bench, and landed on his chest with both hands on his throat, slamming his head against the packed primer coat.The two from the Fingers pulled him off, throwing him roughly to the ground. Grenn began to kick at him. Jon was whorl away from the blows when a booming voice cut through the lugubriousness of the armory. STOP THIS NOWJon pulled himself to his feet. Donal Noye stood glowering at them. The yard is for fighting, the armorer said. stay your quarrels out of my armory, or Ill make them my quarrels. You wont like that.Toad sat on the floor, gingerly feeling the back of his head. His fingers came away bloody. He tried to drink down me. S authorized . I saw it, one of the rapers put in.He broke my wrist, Grenn said again, holding it out to Noye for inspection.The armorer gave the offered wrist the briefest of glances. A bruise. perchance a sprain. Maester Aemon will give you a salve. Go with him, Todder, that head wants facial expression after. The rest of you, return to your cells. Not you, Snow. You stay.Jon sat heavily on the long wooden bench as the others left, oblivious to the looks they gave him, the silent promises of future retribution. His arm was throbbing.The Watch has need of every man it can get, Donal Noye said when they were alone. Even men like Toad. You wont win any honors killing him.Jons anger flared. He said my mother wasa whore. I heard him. What of it?Lord Eddard Stark was not a man to sleep with whores, Jon said icily. His honordid not prevent him from fathering a bastard. Did it?Jon was cold with rage. Can I go?You go when I communicate you to go.Jon stared sullenly at the smoke rising from the brazie r, until Noye took him under the chin, thick fingers twisting his head around. Look at me when Im talking to you, boy.Jon looked. The armorer had a chest like a keg of ale and a bowel to match. His nose was flat and broad, and he always realizemed in need of a shave. The left sleeve of his black wool tunic was fastened at the shoulder with a silver pin in the shape of a longsword. Words wont make your mother a whore. She was what she was, and nothing Toad says can change that. You know, we have men on the Wall whose mothers were whores.Not my mother, Jon thought stubbornly. He knew nothing of his mother Eddard Stark would not talk of her. that he dreamed of her at times, so often that he could almost memorise her face. In his dreams, she was beautiful, and highborn, and her eyes were kind.You think you had it hard, being a high lords bastard? the armorer went on. That boy Jeren is a septons get, and Cotter Pyke is the baseborn son of a tavern wench. today he commands Eastwatch by the Sea.I dont care, Jon said. I dont care near them and I dont care almost you or Thorne or Benjen Stark or any of it. I hate it here. Its too . . . its cold.Yes. algid and hard and mean, thats the Wall, and the men who walk it. Not like the stories your wet support told you. Well, piss on the stories and piss on your wet nurse. This is the way it is, and youre here for life, same as the rest of us.Life, Jon repeated bitterly. The armorer could talk about life. Hed had one. Hed only taken the black after hed lost an arm at the siege of Storms End. Before that hed smithed for Stannis Baratheon, the kings brother. Hed figuren the Seven Kingdoms from one end to the other hed feasted and wenched and fought in a hundred battles. They said it was Donal Noye whod forged King Roberts warhammer, the one that upset the life from Rhaegar Targaryen on the Trident. Hed done all the things that Jon would never do, and then when he was old, well past thirty, hed taken a glancing blow fro m an axe and the injure had festered until the whole arm had to come off. Only then, crippled, had Donal Noye come to the Wall, when his life was all but over. Yes, life, Noye said. A long life or a short one, its up to you, Snow. The road youre walking, one of your brothers will slit your throat for you one night.Theyre not my brothers, Jon snapped. They hate me because Im better than they are.No. They hate you because you act like youre better than they are. They look at you and see a castle-bred bastard who thinks hes a lordling. The armorer leaned close. Youre no lordling. Remember that. Youre a Snow, not a Stark. Youre a bastard and a bully.A bully? Jon almost choked on the word. The accusation was so unjust it took his breath away. They were the ones who came after me. iv of them.Four that youve humiliated in the yard. Four who are probably afraid of you. Ive watched you fight. Its not training with you. Put a great edge on your sword, and theyd be dead meat you know it, I know it, they know it. You leave them nothing. You shame them. Does that make you proud?Jon hesitated. He did feel proud when he won. Why shouldnt he? But the armorer was taking that away too, qualification it sound as if he were doing something wrong. Theyre all older than me, he said defensively.Older and bigger and stronger, thats the truth. Ill wager your master-at-arms taught you how to fight bigger men at Winterfell, though. Who was he, some old knight?Ser Rodrik Cassel, Jon said warily. There was a old salt here. He felt it closing around him.Donal Noye leaned forward, into Jons face. Now think on this, boy. None of these others have ever had a master-at-arms until Ser Alliser. Their fathers were farmers and wagonmen and poachers, smiths and miners and oars on a craft galley. What they know of fighting they learned between decks, in the alleys of Oldtown and Lannisport, in wayside brothels and taverns on the kingsroad. They may have clacked a few sticks together before t hey came here, but I promise you, not one in twenty was ever rich enough to own a real sword. His look was grim. So how do you like the taste of your victories now, Lord Snow?Dont call me that Jon said sharply, but the force had gone out of his anger. Suddenly he felt ashamed and guilty. I never . . . I didnt think . . . better(p) you start thinking, Noye warned him. That, or sleep with a dagger by your bed. Now go.By the time Jon left the armory, it was almost midday. The sun had broken through the clouds. He turned his back on it and lifted his eyes to the Wall, clamorous blue and crystalline in the sunlight. Even after all these weeks, the clutch of it still gave him the shivers. Centuries of windblown dirt had pocked and scoured it, covering it like a film, and it often seemed a pale grey, the color of an overcast toss away . . . but when the sun caught it fair on a bright day, it shone, animated with light, a colossal blue-white cliff that filled up half the sky.The larges t anatomical structure ever built by the hands of man, Benjen Stark had told Jon on the kingsroad when they had commencement caught sight of the Wall in the distance. And beyond a doubt the most useless, Tyrion Lannister had added with a grin, but even the Imp grew silent as they rode closer. You could see it from miles off, a pale blue line across the northern horizon, reach away to the east and west and vanishing in the far distance, long and unbroken. This is the end of the world, it seemed to say.When they last spied Castle Black, its timbered keeps and stone towers looked like nothing more than a handful of toy blocks scattered on the snow, beneath the big wall of ice. The ancient stronghold of the black brothers was no Winterfell, no true castle at all. Lacking walls, it could not be defended, not from the south, or east, or west but it was only the north that look uped the Nights Watch, and to the north loomed the Wall. Almost seven hundred feet high it stood, three ti mes the superlative of the tallest tower in the stronghold it sheltered. His uncle said the top was wide enough for a dozen armored knights to ride abreast. The gaunt outlines of huge catapults and foolish wooden cranes stood sentry up there, like the skeletons of great birds, and among them walked men in black as small as ants.As he stood outside the armory looking up, Jon felt almost as overwhelmed as he had that day on the kingsroad, when hed seen it for the first time. The Wall was like that. Sometimes he could almost forget that it was there, the way you forgot about the sky or the earth underfoot, but there were other times when it seemed as if there was nothing else in the world. It was older than the Seven Kingdoms, and when he stood beneath it and looked up, it made Jon dizzy. He could feel the great weight of all that ice pressing down on him, as if it were about to topple, and somehow Jon knew that if it fell, the world fell with it.Makes you wonder what lies beyond, a familiar voice said.Jon looked around. Lannister. I didnt seeI mean, I thought I was alone.Tyrion Lannister was bundled in furs so thickly he looked like a very small bear. Theres much to be said for taking people unawares. You never know what you might learn.You wont learn anything from me, Jon told him. He had seen little of the dwarf since their journey ended. As the queens own brother, Tyrion Lannister had been an honored guest of the Nights Watch. The Lord air force officer had given him rooms in the Kings Towerso-called, though no king had visited it for a hundred yearsand Lannister dined at Mormonts own table and spent his days riding the Wall and his nights dicing and drinking with Ser Alliser and Bowen Marsh and the other high officers.Oh, I learn things everywhere I go. The little man gestured up at the Wall with a gnarled black walking stick. As I was saying . . . why is it that when one man builds a wall, the next man immediately needs to know whats on the other side? He cocked his head and looked at Jon with his curious mismatched eyes. You do want to know whats on the other side, dont you?Its nothing special, Jon said. He wanted to ride with Benjen Stark on his rangings, deep into the mysteries of the haunted forest, wanted to fight Mance Rayders wildlings and ward the realm against the Others, but it was better not to speak of the things you wanted. The rangers say its just woods and mountains and frozen lakes, with lots of snow and ice.And the grumkins and the snarks, Tyrion said. permit us not forget them, Lord Snow, or else whats that big thing for?Dont call me Lord Snow.The dwarf lifted an eyebrow. Would you rather be called the Imp? Let them see that their words can cut you, and youll never be free of the mockery. If they want to give you a name, take it, make it your own. Then they cant hurt you with it anymore. He gestured with his stick. Come, walk with me. Theyll be serving some vile pout in the common hall by now, and I could do wit h a bowl of something hot.Jon was hungry too, so he fell in beside Lannister and slowed his maltreat to match the dwarfs awkward, waddling travel. The wind was rising, and they could hear the old wooden buildings creaking around them, and in the distance a heavy shutter banging, over and over, forgotten. at one time there was a muffled thump as a mantlepiece of snow slid from a roof and landed near them.I dont see your wolf, Lannister said as they walked.I chain him up in the old stables when were training. They board all the horses in the east stables now, so no one bothers him. The rest of the time he stays with me. My sleeping cell is in Hardins Tower.Thats the one with the broken battlement, no? Shattered stone in the yard below, and a lean to it like our noble king Robert after a long nights drinking? I thought all those buildings had been abandoned.Jon shrugged. No one cares where you sleep. Most of the old keeps are empty, you can pick any cell you want. Once Castle Black had housed five thousand fighting men with all their horses and servants and weapons. Now it was home to a tenth that number, and parts of it were go into ruin.Tyrion Lannisters laughter steamed in the cold air. Ill be sure to tell your father to arrest more stonemasons, before your tower collapses.Jon could taste the mockery there, but there was no denying the truth. The Watch had built nineteen great strongholds along the Wall, but only three were still occupied Eastwatch on its grey windswept shore, the ShadowTower hard by the mountains where the Wall ended, and Castle Black between them, at the end of the kingsroad. The other keeps, long deserted, were lonely, haunted places, where cold winds whistled through black windows and the spirits of the dead manned the parapets.Its better that Im by myself, Jon said stubbornly. The rest of them are scared of Ghost.Wise boys, Lannister said. Then he changed the subject. The talk is, your uncle is too long away.Jon remembered the wish h ed wished in his anger, the vision of Benjen Stark dead in the snow, and he looked away quickly. The dwarf had a way of sensing things, and Jon did not want him to see the guilt in his eyes. He said hed be back by my name day, he admitted. His name day had come and gone, unremarked, a fortnight past. They were looking for Ser Waymar Royce, his father is bannerman to Lord Arryn. Uncle Benjen said they might search as far as the ShadowTower. Thats all the way up in the mountains.I hear that a good many rangers have vanished of late, Lannister said as they mounted the steps to the common hall. He grinned and pulled open the door. Perhaps the grumkins are hungry this year.Inside, the hall was Brobdingnagian and drafty, even with a fire roaring in its great hearth. Crows nested in the timbers of its lofty ceiling. Jon heard their cries overhead as he accepted a bowl of swither and a heel of black bread from the days cooks. Grenn and Toad and some of the others were seated at the bench nearest the warmth, laughing and blaspheming each other in rough voices. Jon eyed them thoughtfully for a moment. Then he chose a spot at the far end of the hall, well away from the other diners.Tyrion Lannister sat across from him, sniffing at the stew suspiciously. Barley, onion, carrot, he muttered. Someone should tell the cooks that turnip isnt a meat.Its mutton stew. Jon pulled off his gloves and warmed his hands in the steam rising from the bowl. The smell made his mouth water.Snow.Jon knew Alliser Thornes voice, but there was a curious note in it that he had not heard before. He turned.The Lord Commander wants to see you. Now.For a moment Jon was too frightened to move. Why would the Lord Commander want to see him? They had heard something about Benjen, he thought wildly, he was dead, the vision had come true. Is it my uncle? he blurted. Is he returned safe?The Lord Commander is not accustomed to waiting, was Ser Allisers reply. And I am not accustomed to having my commands questioned by bastards.Tyrion Lannister swung off the bench and rose. Stop it, Thorne. Youre frightening the boy.Keep out of matters that dont concern you, Lannister. You have no place here.I have a place at court, though, the dwarf said, smiling. A word in the right ear, and youll dull a sour old man before you get other boy to train. Now tell Snow why the Old get into needs to see him. Is there news of his uncle?No, Ser Alliser said. This is another matter entirely. A bird arrived this morning from Winterfell, with a message that concerns his brother. He corrected himself. His half brother.Bran, Jon breathed, scrambling to his feet. Somethings happened to Bran.Tyrion Lannister laid a hand on his arm. Jon, he said. I am truly sorry.Jon scarcely heard him. He brushed off Tyrions hand and strode across the hall. He was running by the time he hit the doors. He raced to the Commanders Keep, dashing through drifts of old snow. When the guards passed him, he took the tower steps two a t a time. By the time he detonate into the presence of the Lord Commander, his boots were soaked and Jon was wild-eyed and panting. Bran, he said. What does it say about Bran?Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Nights Watch, was a gruff old man with an immense bald head and a shaggy grey beard. He had a raven on his arm, and he was feeding it kernels of corn. I am told you can read. He move the raven off, and it flapped its wings and flew to the window, where it sat watching as Mormont drew a roll of report from his belt and handed it to Jon. Corn, it muttered in a raucous voice. Corn, corn.Jons finger traced the outline of the direwolf in the white arise of the broken seat. He recognized Robbs hand, but the letters seemed to blur and run as he tried to read them. He realized he was crying. And then, through the tears, he found the sense in the words, and raised his head. He woke up, he said. The gods gave him back.Crippled, Mormont said. Im sorry, boy. Read the rest of the lett er.He looked at the words, but they didnt matter. zip fastener mattered. Bran was going to live. My brother is going to live, he told Mormont. The Lord Commander shook his head, gathered up a fistful of corn, and whistled. The raven flew to his shoulder, crying, run LiveJon ran down the stairs, a smile on his face and Robbs letter in his hand. My brother is going to live, he told the guards. They exchanged a look. He ran back to the common hall, where he found Tyrion Lannister just finishing his meal. He grabbed the little man under the arms, hoisted him up in the air, and spun him around in a circle. Bran is going to live he whooped. Lannister looked startled. Jon put him down and thrust the paper into his hands. Here, read it, he said.Others were gathering around and looking at him curiously. Jon observe Grenn a few feet away. A thick woolen bandage was intent around one hand. He looked anxious and uncomfortable, not menacing at all. Jon went to him. Grenn edged backward and p ut up his hands. Stay away from me now, you bastard.Jon smiled at him. Im sorry about your wrist. Robb used the same move on me once, only with a wooden blade. It hurt like seven hells, but yours must be worse. Look, if you want, I can show you how to defend that.Alliser Thorne overheard him. Lord Snow wants to take my place now. He sneered. Id have an easier time teaching a wolf to juggle than you will training this aurochs.Ill take that wager, Ser Alliser, Jon said. Id love to see Ghost juggle.Jon heard Grenn suck in his breath, shocked. Silence fell.Then Tyrion Lannister guffawed. Three of the black brothers joined in from a nearby table. The laughter bed covering up and down the benches, until even the cooks joined in. The birds stirred in the rafters, and finally even Grenn began to chuckle.Ser Alliser never took his eyes from Jon. As the laughter rolled around him, his face darkened, and his sword hand curled into a fist. That was a unsafe error, Lord Snow, he said at last i n the harsh tones of an enemy.

Highlights of the German Pension Fund

There is a legal separation mingled with the employer and the subsidy institution with the German gift stock certificate. It offers lifelong retirement benefits. The insurance coverage of biometric risks and non merely its function as an investment instrument was unmatchable of the social requirements emphasized by the European Parliament but not adopted in the concluding draft.The plan guarantees participants a right to their benefits guarantees, a compulsory redemption of contributions, thus the employer guarantees the payment of the retirement benefits in the way out that the pension fund should be bankrupted.Members will benefit from timely and exact disclosure of information.The activities argon subject to the monitoring of the Germany Supervisory Authority.Recognition has been given to laborious to create a level playing field amongst attend providers. The pension fund is the only financing instrument for which the complete subcontracting of biometric risks, ass et focus and administration is possible.The assess features make it attractive. The German Government adopted the good word on value relief to contributions as well as the deductibility of pension costs as a business expense. The pension plan makes it easier for internationally mobile employees to transfer their pension rights.I selected German Volkswagen Company and analyzed its pension plan (attached) according to its annual balance bed sheet. Volkswagen places pension benefits under the liabilities mainstay on the balance sheet. The pension benefits plans argon under-funded according to the balance sheet.How Volkswagen Accounts for subsidy Provisions Financial ReportingPENSION PROVISIONSThe actuarial valuation of pension provisions is found on the projected unit credit method in take to be of specify benefit plans in accordance with IAS 19. The valuation is foundation garmentd not only on pension payments and vested entitlements known at the balance sheet date, but als o reflectsfuture salary and pension trends. Actuarial gains and losses atomic number 18 recognise directly in equity, net of deferred measurees.PROVISIONS FOR TAXESTax provisions contain obligations resulting from menses taxes. Deferred taxes atomic number 18 presented in separate items of the balance sheet and income statementDEFERRED TAXESDeferred tax assets argon generally recognized for taxable temporary differences between the tax base of assets and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet, as well as on tax loss carry forwards and tax credits provided it is app arent that they can be used in future periods.Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the tax base of liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet.Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized in the amount of the judge tax liability or tax benefit, as appropriate, in subsequent fiscal old age, base on the e xpected enacted tax rate at the time of realization. The tax consequences of dividend payments are not taken into account until the resolution on appropriation of earnings easy for distribution has been adopted.Deferred tax assets that are unlikely to be realized at bottom a clearly predictable period arereduced by valuation allowances. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset where taxes are levied by the same gross authority and relate to the same tax period.(Volkswagen 2007)In a defined-benefit plan, the employer guarantees that the employee will pay for a definite amount of benefit upon retirement, regardless of the performance of the fundamental investment pool. A defined benefit plan promises a condition monthly benefit at retirement. The plan may state this promised benefit as an exact dollar amount, such as $100 per month at retirement.Alternatively, much commonly, it may calculate a benefit by means of a plan formula that considers such factors a s salary and service for example, 1 percent of average salary for the last 5 years of employment for all year of service with an employer.In the defined-contribution plan the employer makes predefined contributions for the employee, but the final amount of benefit received by the employee depends on the investments performance. In these plans, the employee or the employer (or both) contribute to the employees individual account under the plan, sometimes at a set rate, such as 5 percent of earnings annually.These contributions are invested on the employees behalf. The employee will ultimately receive the balance in their account, which is based on contributions plus or minus investment gains or losses. Examples of defined contribution plans include 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, employee stock ownership plans, and profit-sharing plans.Cost and liability determined in this way for a pay-related plan are clearly insufficient when compared, for example, to the IAS19 or SFAS87 methodology , but the available deductions are generally more favorable than those allowed for by the various external pension vehicles (support funds, Pensionskassen, direct insurances and also reinsurance contracts for book retain plans.)These approaches have suffered under less favorable tax rules (tax limits on accompaniment or taxation as employee income) or insurance supervisory virtue with prohibitively high insurance premiums (based on an interest rate of 2.75 percent).In the United States a retirement plan is usually, tax exempt or tax-deferred. The employer will contribute along with the employee in most cases towards a fund set aside for the employees future retirement benefits nest egg fund. The employer on the employees behalf invests the funds the employee then receives benefits upon retirement.The employee often has the option for early retirement, but savings benefits for the retirement plan in this case will be at a reduced amount. There has been a growing concern in recent years in the United States with companies filing bankruptcy and race losing their retirement, thus not all plans are secure investments for retirement.Comparing to American and German pension plans I can say that German pension plans are much stronger, guaranteed and beneficial for retirees. The reasons are probably different state policies. Germany is more socialistic country comparing to America. In Germany social services and benefits are huge comparing to America, for example in Germany healthcare is free and every individual are entitled to receive free healthcare and former(a) medical services.ReferencesVolkswagen (2007). On the Internet at www.edgarscan.pwcglobal.comVolkswagen (2007). On the Internet at www.gutenberg.orgVolkswagen (2007). yearly Report. On the Internet athttp//www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_report_2007.htmlVolkswagen (2007) . Annual Report. On the Internet athttp//www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_report_2007Volkswagen A G capital of Kentucky Stock Exchange (2007). On the Internet athttp//www.reuters.com