I Am the Grass Essay Essay

Am the Grass is a short story written by Daly Walker, who has to a fault written new(prenominal) short stories for The Sewanee Review and The Sycamore Review. Born in Winchester, Indiana in 1924, Daly Walker is a operating operating surgeon by muckle and started to write after he was forty. Daly also served in the Vietnam War from 1967-1968, it serves as an inspiration for I Am the Grass. The story details a mans essay of life after the war in Vietnam, and returning to Vietnam. This includes painful mental trauma, the sense of touch of guilt for his actions, and finally his attempt to save himself in his profess eyes.At the start of the story we read about assorted atrocities commit during the Vietnam War by a nameless man, who is the main timber. They include raping a thirteen-year old girl, decapitating a man with a machete, and throwing defenseless pris nonpareilrs off of a helicopter. Along with the atrocities, the reader chance ons a battered other(prenominal) and manything that haunts the main showcase . The story also goes on to explain how after the war, the main character goes on to checkup school where he becomes a successful moldable surgeon.The main character also describes the fear that comes back to him when anti-war protestors blow up a classroom while hes asleep. It takes him back to the attacks through with(p) on his base while he was in Vietnam, he goes on to explain that even though the he has left the war, the war has followed him theater (316). The main character shows how he tries to redeem himself for the bad he has done. This includes firing to impoverished countries to repair de haomaities on people who cant bear with plastic functioning. He explains how it agrees me feel like a decent man, a healer (317).This shows how it feels well(p) for him to heal people as opposed to feeling good killing them when he was younger. After the minor back-story and introduction to his past and inner-demons, the main character is on a plane headed to Vietnam. Ironically, this time to jockstrap the people he once did horrible things to. He is taken about the countryside, where he recognizes many of the nicknames of the roads soldiers gave. Then he is introduced to another surgeon, one who he would concord originally called an enemy, to take him to those in need of the military operation. In nother twist of irony, the Vietnamese surgeon is missing his thumbs. This prevents him from performing surgery remote the main character.They both talk about fighting each other in the war and then go forth to perform the surgeries on the people who needed them. As the story continues, the cashier, has been successful in 18 surgeries and feels good. Until he has to make a difficult decision(320) when the thumbless Vietnamese surgeon asks him to perform a difficult surgery(321) on him. A surgery where the good-looking toe of the foot is transplanted to where the thumb once was.Despite the lay on the line and lack o f any more advanced medical tools, the narrator decides to go forward with it. This shows that the narrator is willing to do an extremely difficult surgery without the proper tools, so that perhaps he may find some peace in himself. Yet the dreams of the man he decapitated stock-still haunt him, even on the eve of the big surgery. While he prepares himself, the narrator explains the feeling as a sense of power that has been in no other place but surgery, except when my finger was on the trigger of an M60 (324).He starts and is meticulous in using the primitive medical instruments provided to him. He feels as if he has done a good personal credit line and even forms a steady fri culminationship with the Vietnamese surgeon. However, the day he has to tolerate, it goes south. The main character goes to unwrap the bandages and finds that the transplant has failed, as the implanted big toe has rotted. Furious at himself, he ends it before he leaves. In an attempt to make himself feel better, it is shown how the main character hopes to see the thumbless surgeon at the airport. Perhaps saying bye to him and thanking him for his efforts.However there is no one there, on the flight home though, he realizes that the risk relate with Vietnam made him feel like a part of the country. He comes to see that he embraces the risk and ein truththing that comes with it. I Am the Grass is presented as a story that is simple to understand, but also has an emotional effect. Walker gives us a character with a detailed past, a very good storyline, and the setting and piece of music of redemption which is present throughout the whole story. The theme of redemption is supported throughout the story. The main character tries to redeem himself in his own yes by doing surgeries for free in impoverished nations.Also, when he takes on the risky task of the toe transplant. It leaves the reader wondering, what if it would have worked? Would he have calmed his conscience of reminding him about the past atrocities he committed? The story, which begins by describing very graphic atrocities, turns into a story of more peace than war. One where the narrator has lost himself in the scourge of war, but is trying to find himself by using his talents for good. Trying to find inner-peace from his personal demons. It comes together near the end of the story.When he finds out the transplant didnt work and he wants to leave immediately. But contrary to his expected reaction, the Vietnamese surgeon calmly tells him to remove it, which the main character does. In a way he set about his own inner demons despite the disappointment. Walkers decision to make the setting a run down dirty hospital isnt one that a lot of people can relate to. However, the heart and soul of redemption is one that a lot of people can. The conflict he delivers is one that is present in others, just not in the form of war crimes and surgeries. Thats something that a lot can relate to.In this story, Walke r has shown a veteran who is haunted by his past and tries to redeem himself. It delivers a powerful message on how the road to the inner-peace of a person is faced with many challenges and setbacks. Ironically, amidst the import of disappointment, the character realizes that he has come to deport the risks he took in life, along with the consequences. There he finds at that moment of redemption that he had long been looking for.

Corporate Governance Essay

1. Business Decision that comp ars the cost and benefits of manufacturing a product or product voice against purchasing it. If the purchase price is higher than what it would cost the maker to make it, or if the maker has excess capacity that could be used for that product, or the manufacturers suppliers atomic number 18 unreliable, then the manufacturer may choose to make the product. This assumes the manufacturer has the skills and equipment necessary, access to raw materials, and the ability to meet its own product standards. A company who chooses to make rather than buy is at risk of losing option sources, design flexibility, and access to technological innovations. Determination whether to produce a component disrupt internally or to buy it from an fall outside supplier. This decision involves twain qualitative and quantitative factors. Qualitative considerations include product quality and the demand for long- represent. Business relationships with subcontractors. Qua ntitative factors deal with cost. The quantitative effects of the make-or-buy decision are best seen through the relevant cost approach. 2. They Budget for many an(prenominal) reasons to say-so spending, to set goals, to control the direction of the company, and to run effectively.Controlling spending is an unequivocal reason.Setting goals is another. For instance, if x department meets a goal, they may get a budget increase (which can lead to an increase in contend for that department). Allocating monies to a department makes that department want to be much in force(p) with their money.Budget managers can control the direction of the company by fully grown or not giving money to certain parts of the company. For instance, in an oil company, a budget manager might give a lot of money to the Exploration department to find new oil, unless cut back on the Logistics department.Budgeting is a great way to some(prenominal) force a company to run efficiently and to find out if the y are actually doing it. If a department or orbit is systematically over-budget, they will need to be looked at as to why. If another region is consistently under-budget, maybe they are being allocated too many resources that could go somewhere else.DELOITTE3. Company boards, executives, and management are investing more and more time and resources on issues of sustainability such as carbon (greenhouse gas emissions), susceptibility efficient technology, water use, cleantech, and biodiversity, to name just a few. An important part of the global push towards sustainability practices involves a need to line for, and report on, sustainability sometimes referred to as environmental, social, and presidency (ESG) reporting. On this page, we maintain a history of developments in sustainability reporting requirements and practices, tracking its gradual adoption on both a voluntary and mandatory basis, and also consider the wider integrated reporting opening being led by the world(p renominal) interconnected insurance coverage Council (IIRC). International Integrated insurance coverage Council (IIRC)The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) (previously the International Integrated Reporting Committee) was formed in August 2010 and aims to create a globally accepted example for accounting for sustainability, croping together financial, environmental, social and governance information in an integrated format. The IIRC brings together a cross division of representatives from corporate, investment, accounting, securities, regulatory, academic and standard-setting sectors as well as civil society. It comprises a focal point Committee, a Working Group and a three taskforces (dealing with content development, affair and communications, and governance). The IIRC is chaired by Professor Mervyn King, Chairman, King Committee on Corporate brass section and Former Chairman, Global Reporting Initiative. Membership includes Hans Hoogervorst (IASB Chairman ), Leslie Seidman (FASB Chairperson), Maria Helena Santana, (Chairperson, IOSCO executive Committee), Gran Tidstrm (IFAC President), Jim Quigley (former global Chief Executive Officer of Deloitte), and many others.Paul Druckman is Chief Executive Officer. The objectives for an integrated reporting framework are to * support the information needs of long-term investors, by showing the broader and longer-term consequences of decision-making * echo the interconnections between environmental, social, governance and financial factors in decisions that affect long-term carrying out and condition, making clear the link between sustainability and economic value * leave behind the necessary framework for environmental and social factors to be taken into account systematically in reporting and decision-making * rebalance performance metrics away from an baseless emphasis on short term financial performance * bring reporting closer to the information used by management to run the business on a day-to-day basis.* The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has released a finalised prototype of its integrated reporting framework and reaffirmed the expected measure of the issue of a consultative document as it moves towards finalisation of the framework by the end of 2013.* The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has launched an Integrated Reporting Emerging Practice Examples Database, which contains integrated reporting examples from businesses around the world.

The Base Stock Model

The Base Stock exemplification 1 Assumptions ? Demand occurs continuously over sentence ? Times amidst consecutive orders are stochastic but independent and identically distributed (i. i. d. ) ? blood is reviewed continuously ? Supply leadtime is a fixed constant L ? on that point is no fixed salute associated with placing an order ? Orders that cannot be fulfilled at present from on-hand bloodline are backordered 2 The Base-Stock Policy ? Start with an initial count of inventory R. Each time a new convey arrives, rank a replenishment order with the supplier. An order placed with the supplier is delivered L units of time after it is placed. ? Because ask is stochastic, we can invite multiple orders (inventory on-order) that have been placed but not delivered yet. 3 The Base-Stock Policy ? The amount of demand that arrives during the replenishment leadtime L is called the leadtime demand. ? Under a base-stock insurance policy, leadtime demand and inventory on order are t he same. ? When leadtime demand (inventory on-order) exceeds R, we have backorders. 4 NotationI inventory level, a random variable star B number of backorders, a random variable X Leadtime demand (inventory on-order), a random variable IP inventory position EI judge inventory level EB Expected backorder level EX Expected leadtime demand ED average demand per unit time (demand rate) 5 inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder backorder level 6 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder backorder level ?Under a base-stock policy with base-stock level R, inventory position is always kept at R (Inventory position = R ) IP = I+X B = R EI + EX EB = R 7 Leadtime Demand ? Under a base-stock policy, the leadtime demand X is independent of R and depends only on L and D with EX= EDL (the text edition refers to this quantity as ? ). ? The dispersion of X depends on the distribution of D. 8 I = max 0, I B= I B+ B=max0, B-I = B I+ Since R = I + X B, we also have IB=RX I = R X+ B =X R+ 9 ? EI = R EX + EB = R EX + E(X R)+ ?EB = EI + EX R = E(R X)+ + EX R ? Pr(stocking out) = Pr(X ? R) ? Pr(not stocking out) = Pr(X ? R-1) ? adjoin rate = E(D) Pr(X ? R-1)/E(D) = Pr(X ? R-1) 10 Objective Choose a value for R that minimizes the sum of expected inventory holding cost and expected backorder cost, Y(R)= hEI + bEB, where h is the unit holding cost per unit time and b is the backorder cost per unit per unit time. 11 The Cost Function Y (R) ? hE I ? bE B ? h( R ? E X ? EB) ? bE B ? h( R ? E X ) ? (h ? b) E B ? h( R ? E DL) ? (h ? b)E ( X ? R? ? h( R ? E DL) ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? 12 The Optimal Base-Stock aim The optimal value of R is the smallest integer that satisfies Y (R ? 1) ? Y ( R) ? 0. 13 Y ( R ? 1) Y ( R) ? h ? R ? 1 ? E DL ? ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ( x ? R ? 1) Pr( X ? x ) ? h ? R ? E DL ? ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ? ( x ? R ? 1) ? ( x ? R) ? Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x ? R? 1 Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R ? 1) ? h ? (h ? b) ? 1 ? Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? b ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? ? 14 Y ( R ? 1) Y ( R) ? 0 ? ?b ? (h ? ) Pr( X ? R) ? 0 b ? Pr( X ? R) ? b? h Choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies Y(R+1) Y(R) ? 0 is similar to choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies b Pr( X ? R) ? b? h 15 Example 1 ? Demand arrives one unit at a time according to a Poisson process with mean ?. If D(t) denotes the amount of demand that arrives in the interval of time of length t, then (? t) x e ?? t P r( D ( t ) ? x ) ? , x ? 0. x ? Leadtime demand, X, can be shown in this quality to also have the Poisson distribution with (? L ) x e ?? L P r( X ? x ) ? , E X ? L , and V ar ( X ) ? ? L . x 16 The Normal Approximation ? If X can be approximated by a normal distribution, then R * ? E ( D ) L ? z b /( b ? h ) V ar ( X ) Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) V ar ( X )? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) ? In the case where X has the Poisson distribution with mean ? L R * ? ? L ? z b /( b ? h ) ? L Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) ? L ? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) 17 Example 2 If X has the geometric distribution with parameter ? , 0 ? ? ? 1 P ( X ? x ) ? ? x (1 ? ? ). ? EX ? 1? ? Pr( X ? x ) ? ? x Pr( X ? x ) ? 1 ? ? x ? 1 18 Example 2 (Continued)The optimal base-stock level is the smallest integer R* that satisfies Pr( X ? R * ) ? b b? h ln b b ? h ? 1 ln ? ? 1? ? R * ? 1 b ? ? R* ? b? h b ? ? ln ? ? * b? h ? R ?? ? ln ? ? ? ? ? 19 Computing Expected Backorders ? It is sometimes easier to first compute (for a given over R), EI ? ? R x? 0 ( R ? x ) Pr( X ? x ) and then obtain EB=EI + EX R. ? For the case where leadtime demand has the Poisson distribution (with mean ? = E(D)L), the pastime relationship (for a fixed R) applies EB= ? Pr(X=R)+(? -R)1-Pr(X? R) 20

Imformative speech Essay

IntroductionHasnt every equ whollyess at some superlative in their aliveness been fellowed force per unit arad. Teenagers all across America baptistry it every day. It ranges from cheating on a test to robbing a convenient inject. mates squelch is a serious life situation that every i encounters at a current point in their life. And lets face it, just say no is not always that easy. Attention GainerYouTube video, coadjutor drag.Reason to hark/CredibilityPeer pressure exists for all ages. Three-year-old Robert insists that his mother take him to the store right away and buy him the latest fad toy because his friends endure it. When she doesnt, he has a temper tantrum. Nine-year-old Sarah wears a new shirt to tutor erstwhile, then refuses to wear it again because her friends made fun if it. Jeff, at sixteen, flora out lead hours a day to befool a better body.When one of his friends at the gym offers him some anabolic steroids, he accepts, sacrificing his wellness fo r his image. Meanwhile, Jeffs forty-year-old father just took out a loan he couldnt afford to buy a new BMW because most of his neighbors hire luxury cars, and he didnt want them to think he couldnt afford one too. No one is immune from peer pressure. author www.faqs.org3 Preview StatementThe word peer according to dictionary.cambridge.org is one belonging to the same social group especially based on age, grade or status. The word pressure is described as the weight down of physical mental distress. Peer pressure is basically encouraging pack similar to you to make certain choices, take certain actions or commit in some specific way. I bequeath talk well-nigh three different kinds of peer pressure substance abuse, emotional, and substantiating wreaks of peer pressure. II. BodyFirst Main PointThe number one form of peer pressure is substance abuse. Tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs are all substances that teenagers are pressured into using and abusing. Most teenagers who try alcohol do so around the age of 13, 8 years before the legal swallow age. The American Lung Association reports 3.1 million teenagers smoke. Approximately 30% of teenagers are offered, given(p) or sold drugs in highs school or in bosom school.These are some very disturbing statistics. When you give in to pressure youre letting down those around you who thought they knew you better. When your own find of self and the admiration of those around you are very important things to consider, you withal need to think active more serious consequences of peer pressure. Alcohol, baccy and illegal drugs are all addicting. They are dangerous to your health in many ways and are often hard to quit once you substantiate be eff dependent upon them. These substances can lead to negative consequences such as cancer, drug overdose and even death. Source www.Buzzle.com4 s Main PointSecond, one of the most emotional peer pressures we face is related to image the way we dress our height, ou r weight, how we act, and who we hang out with. These are all things that define us that we can ultimately be pressured into changing. intimidate and teasing go hand in hand with how we feel about ourselves. Self-esteem gives a huge blow when peer pressure causes us to throw who we are.It is all about fitting in. thats the number one thing why we yield to peer pressure. Teenagers are naturally afeared(predicate) of rejection. They want to feel like they belong and that they are cool. While its perfectly normal to want to fit in, it doesnt mean you have to change who you are or sacrifice your beliefs and your values. When you give in to peer pressure you lose yourself. You are giving up your free will and your voice and falling through the cracks just to be like soulfulness else Third Main PointA final peer pressure were going to discuss is haughty forms of peer pressure. We know that peer pressure means encouraging people similar to us to do certain things, but it doesnt always have to be bad. Some unsloped forms of peer pressure include encouraging your friends to participate in sports or other activities, or even volunteering together. Convincing someone to tell the truth, dowry someone with homework or encouraging kids at school to come to church are all very positive forms of peer pressure. Peer pressure is not always bad. It can help you analyze yourself and shine on your ways of life. Some of the practices that the masses follow may5 actually teach you the way of living. You may be able to change yourself for the better. Looking at what others do, can help you bring about a positive change in your way of thinking. If you can pick selectively, peer pressure can actually result in a positive change in your way of life. III. ConclusionRecap/SummaryThese three kinds of peer pressure happen to everyone at some point, substance abuse, emotional, and positive forms of peer pressure. Whether everyone or no one caves in we all have been peer pressured or will be in all these ways. This summarizes this illuminating speech. C. Audience Imprint6Bibliographywww.faqs.orgwww.Buzzle.comwww.Thecoolspot.govwww.aacap.org/peerpressureianrpubs.unl.edu

Justin Anson Distillery, Inc Essay

Justin Anson Distillery, Inc. is a caller-up that produces quality whiskey and distributes their product throughout America. The order has recently has been nerve-racking to expand and make up their production. In order to join on their production they destiny to obtain more pose in which they can age their whiskey for the necessary 4 years. This is going to incur the society many more embodys in their production and also increase their broth levels. It is straightaway the firms dilemma how to report these new be so their financial statements are accurate but also reflect the harvest-feast they are attempting. It is also important that the companies financial statements reflect will upon the company so they can obtain new loans from the bank to fund their growth. headland AnalysisAssuming Anson decided to charge barrel be (but non warehousing and aging costs) to line of descent, what 2012 income statement and quietus sheet items would change, and what would the n ew get alongs be? (Assume no change in work-in-process instrument)Charging barrel costs to inventory would increase the operating income on the income statement and increase the amount of assets on the equaliser sheet. Both of these values would increase or decrease by the amount of the cost of the barrels, which in 2012 was $4,366. This would increase current assets from $21,813 to $26,179, and the operating income would increase to $6,883.If Ansons suggestion of including all warehousing and aging costs in inventory were accepted, how would the 2012 financial statements be affected? (Assume no change in work-in-process inventory.)The 2012 financial statements would look drastically different if this were the case. Originally the costs charged to cost of goods sold was much greater in 2012 because the extra barrel costs were charged to this account. If they were charged to inventory instead of the cost of goods sold, the company will show a much greater profit. It will also go on to a build of inventory though and the assets of the company will increase dramatically and that will show up in the financials on the balance sheet.In your opinion, what costs should be included in Ansons inventory when preparing financial statements to be submitted to Valley National Bank? The first function that the company should do is checking the ethics of any accounting changes they are cookery on making. If it is found that charging these costs to inventory could cause their statements to not work standards then the changes cannot even be considered. However, if it is acceptable, it would be in the companys best interest to charge only barrel costs to inventory.This would sanction them to still control their inventory levels by allowing them to control how many barrels they want to purchase. Also, the financial statements will still show operating profit because the cost of barrels not being used as a part of sales wont show up in the costs of goods sold section of t he income statement. By including this cost in inventory the company can still report favorable numbers and control their inventory in order to minimize the negative effects of inventory build-up that could hurt their financials in the future.

A Walk to Remember Essay

A strait To Remember A crack To Remember by Nicholas Sparks uses a numerous amount literary elements to give rise this smell throbbing phenomenon. Sparks uses foreshadowing to create clues to what will happen subsequent on in the novel. Jamie, some clippings in behavior there be clock times when we will laugh and opposite times when we will word (Sparks 77). Landon Carter the principal(prenominal) character theorizes this to Jamie foreshadowing the loving relationship that will aim between the two. Irony alikek part in this harbor as well.Landon tells Jamie, Jamie, I promise I will not f in tot every last(predicate)y in discern with you. Now will you go to homecoming with me? (Sparks 44). Its quite ironic that he mentions that to Jamie because thats exactly what he ends up doing. As I watched the snow melt, and the fresh essence of spring coming through the air, i considerd the some precious intimacy of all life (Sparks 278). Landon realizes that life goes on, even out during the coldest times. Casting a prism of light across the slow darkening water, splitting itself in to a thousand distinguishable parts, from each one more beautiful than the last (Sparks 216).Landon describes this breath taking sunset at the lake in a perfect sequence of words using imagery. This succeeding(a) quote describes Landons feelings of fear and hurt he has when he finds give away ab extinct Jamies leukemia. He describes himself as, The blood drained from my face and a sheet of dizzying images fluttered through my mind (Sparks 292). 57 course of study old Landon Carter narrates the historic of his 17 year old self, from when his life changed drastically. The antagonist and the protagonist of the level is Landon himself. At 17 he was at war with himself to find break through who he really was, and who he really wanted to be.This conflict is dogged when Landon if forced to participate in a Christmas play at the townships passelsfolk church where hi s character plays the conductor of an orchestra who is looking for this mystery, music making, girl with the spokesperson of an angel. That girl, is Jamie, the pastors daughter. During there rehearsals Landon finds himself infatuated with Jamie. Jamie brings a whole new light and linear perspective to Landons life. When Landon confesses his relish for Jamie, Jamie lands upset because she has to tell him she is sick with leukemia and she has less than a year to live.Landon is angry that their time unitedly is limited, further he cool off finds himself falling for her more and more e rattlingday. Landon Carter is the popular punk in broad(prenominal) School. His foolish ways face him with consequences of an after school activity in a play at the local anaesthetic church. Out first Landon acts refractory and unreliable. Of course when he lays eyes on Jamie he has need to get laid her more. A need to get inside her life. All Landon wants is to find out who he really is, to un cover his purpose. When he wasnt looking, that purpose anchor him in the about peculiar place of all, inside Jamies heart.In A Walk To Remember by Nicholas Sparks, it tells a story closely a 17 year old who searches for his purpose, and ends up finding love. This crush is a must read. It starts off a little slow further once it gets going, you will not want to put the book down. not solely is it about love and it is also a tragedy. Its a book that gives you wish in life, puts tears in your eyes, and a smile on your face. A Walk To Remember is a heart wrenching novel Landon Carter can be described as a perfect character. Someone who was unreliable, a punk, and then turns out to be the most amazing guy ever.A Walk to Remember EssayWhen I was 17, my life changed forever. Im 57 years old, but even now I can commend every social function from that year, down to the smallest details. I salvage that year often in my mind, bringing it back to life, and I realize that when I do, I f eel a strange combination of happiness and sadness. this is my story I promise to leave nothing out. prototypic you will smile, then you will crydont say you havent been warned. Written by an international scoop upselling author and my person-to-person favorite Nicholas sparks, finds a tale of true love, first love and utter(a) love that you will never forget A passing to recollect is most definitely my favorite book of all time. The tale begins with a 57 year old Landon Carter, looking back at the year of 1958 set in, North Carolina. He remembers every single thing in that year. From the smell of both the sea and lilacs to the girl that changed everything in his life forever. Landon had already dated a girl or two. He even swore that he had once been in love. Certainly the last person in town he thought hed fall for was Jamie Sullivan, the daughter of the towns Baptist minister.A quiet girl who always carried a password with her schoolbooks, Jamie seemed content living in a world apart from the other teens. She took care of her widowed father, rescued hurt animals, and helped out at the local orphanage. Out of guilt and a bizarre twist of fate, Landon asks Jamie to the school dancing and ends up volunteering to help her in the town churchs Christmas play. everywhere time, they become close friends, they cope their dreams and aspirations with each other and strangely lavish Jamie nurtured a very simple dream to get married in a church full of slew where she could flip the aisle.As time passes, Jamie shows Landon how deep the serviceman soul can be, opening his eyes to the effect of undying faith and the strength of compassion and love. As their kinship grows, Jamie reveals that she has leukemia, a type of cancer, and her health begins to deteriorate. This totally breaks Landon and he goes frantic not ac surviveledgeledgeable what to do. He finally turns to the watchword that Jamie had given him. He looks for answers and finally realizes tha t his loves Jamie too much to let her dreams slip away.He knows what to do when he reads the chase passage in the bible. I am not commanding you, but I want to test the sincerity of you love by canvass it to the earnestness of others. He asks Jamie to marry him. The most memorable part of the book is the wedding ceremony when Jamie gets up from her wheelchair and calls upon all of her remaining strength to walk down the aisle to stand beside Landon. It was as Landon recalls the most difficult walk anyone ever had to make. It was in every way a walk to remember. short enough Jamie passes away.But she doesnt leave before teaching Landon the depths of the human heart she teaches him the power of forgiveness. She was an angel in Landons eyes, who brought him and his father together and she taught him to believe in miracles. A walk to remember was published by grand central publishing in October 1999. It is a stiffcover bound consisting of 250 pages. A walk to remember is an entire ly a work of fiction. amatory drama is the genre of the book. This book is listed as no 12 on the list of 1999 best seller. A walk to remember, received mixed reviews from all over the world. 9% of the reviews being positive, there were some who didnt share the same opinion as the rest of those who consider the book as unforgettable. while African sun times rates the movies as a remarkable love story that, like its predecessors will touch the wagon of readers everywhere, Clarissa Cruz of entertainment weekly pans the novel saying that its cliche riddle pros and twists can be predicted after skimming the prologue. A walk to remember is my favorite book because of the fact that it touched me so deeply. It was the first and only book that ever made me cry.It is a sweet, simple, and beautiful story of how love can lead to miracles. Some may consider it sappy, but thats just how Mr. Sparks wanted it to be. It wasnt a cheesy ending where Jamie miraculously recovers from cancer. Jamie teaches Landon forgiveness, she teaches him to pray, she teaches him love. There is a part in the book where Landon asks Jamie whether, shes at sea her faith. When she replies no, he asks her, whether it is because she studys she will get split up. And Jamie replies no, its because its the only thing I have left.And thats what I learn from the book. creed Faith in god, faith in the fact that things will get better someday, faith that I will be a better person than I am today, faith that Ill see my dreams come true. And finally I would like to conclude with a passage from the bible that Landon considered Jamie to be as the truest essence of its description. Love is always patient and gracious It is never boastful or conceited. Love takes no pleasure in other peoples pain. But delight in truth. It is always ready to trust, to hope and to endure whatever comesA Walk to Remember EssayIf I were diagnosed with a terminal illness, I would probably change a consider of things in my li fe. The majority of people dont take risks or make rash decisions on a daily basis because they know it will impact them the next day. There are so many sayings like live in the present live like theres no tomorrow etc, but the problem is that for most people there IS a tomorrow. Im not saying its bad to think about what you do before you do it by means though. In fact, I am a strong worshiper in thinking things out first- even to a fault sometimes-.So, if I were to be diagnosed with 6 months to live, that would most likely be the first thing I would change. Im sure it would be crazily serious for my family and I if I had a terminal illness and Im sure we would go through all 5 of the stages, but I dont think it would hit us as hard as most. My family and I are strong Christian believers so we all know what will happen to us after we pass on. I believe that the stages of denial and bargaining would go over more smoothly with me than others I know. If I were diagnosed I have I feel ing I would accept it easier than expected due to my beliefs and upbringing.In the movie A Walk to Remember Jamie and Landon go through the stages together, but in very different ways. Jamie has a much easier time with it than Landon because she knows what will happen to her when she dies while Landon had very undecided thoughts on the afterlife. Eventually after going through all the stages though, Landons view on life and death changed dramatically. He completed that life was too precious to worry about what people think about you and he learned to believe in himself. He move into a better person overall and learned that everyday is a blessing.Because of Jamies faith in him, Landon starts to realize his potential he employ for medical school and was accepted and started setting goals for his life. For Jamie on the other hand, she learns not to be afraid to fall in love. That even though she doesnt have long to live she shouldnt deny herself some of the most important things in life. Her priorities changed to making sure she lived out her life as much she could with Landon. While Landons priorities changed in many aspects. He no longer cared what other people thought about him as Jamie became his main focus.When he decided to make all of Jamies dreams come true, he showed how selfless he was becoming and how his view on life and the people around him was changing. So all in all if I were told I had 6 months left to live, I would try and accept it as readily as possible. Personally, I would be mad with myself if I wasted time being depressed while I couldve been living my life. I know in reality Im sure I would be depressed for at least a little bit of time, but I would try to get over that as quickly as possible so I could make my last 6 months the best they could be

Can Hybrid Cars Reduce the Dependency on Fossil Fuels

Can Hybrid Cars Reduce The Dependency On fossil Fuels? I am going to talk about intercrossed railroad cars and bath they reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The interbreeding cars manufactures that Im going to function is Toyota, Honda Can crossbredisation cars reduce the dependency on fossil fuels? Hybrid cars can reduce the dependency of fossil fuels because it would stem between the consuming world and its gas guzzling cars by refilling them with fuel efficient hybrid cars.Hybrid cars buzz off lower level of flatulency consumption, thitherfore environmentally friendly causing less pollution thusly gaseous state- powered cars. They beat electric cars by a recollective slip by which gives about 50 100 miles in-between battery charges that require many hours to fully charge up. Even then electric cars made it accomplishable to have training towards hybrid cars. Toyota Prius was the first passenger car with hybrid technology which was brought forth in Japan in 1997. Toyota and Honda introduced hybrid cars to the American markets in the beginning of 1999.Hybrid car be a combination of gasoline and electric powered car. Hybrid cars consist of a internal burning at the stake engine that is small and fuel efficient. The hybrid cars internal combustion engine is assisted by the electric motor when the car is accelerating. The electric motor is generated by rechargeable batteries that automatically recharges when the car is being driven. The Toyota and Honda hybrids work and black market in a similar manner. The engine for gasoline is smaller then the regular formulaic cars.Essentially Toyota and Honda hybrids fellow the same concepts as most hybrids, It receives succour energy from the electric motor gets energy that the motor postulates to supporter the engine when accelerating there for not consuming a large meter of gasoline. However the Toyota and Honda hybrids to a fault have a different source of generating energy. When the number one wood hits his or her gaps the kinetic energy created by the heat and friction of the break is claimed by the electric motor and stored in the batteries. Then it comes to transmissions most hybrids and conventional cars are alike.However the Prius has an additional generator and a circle gear decomposable to make a controlled, yet continues variable transmission, taking a management the need for any conventional manual or automatic transmission which use up unnecessary amount of energy that go to waste. The early hybrid gave about fifty to sixty miles per gallon. The exhaust pollution was almost eliminated and also the acceleration of the hybrids were far bettered then the non-hybrid cars. By 2008 almost all car manufactures offered hybrid model cars along with a few sports hybrid cars.Many of the sports hybrid cars however did not give as much mileage and to a greater extent expensive then the conventional cars. The federal government offers a not bad(predicate) amount of tax credits to purchaser of hybrid cars. The key to the emerging of hybridcar maturation lies in battery technology. The early hybrids resembled the hoary conventional electrical system that ran with lead-acid batteries. These lead-acid batteries were bulky and carried a heavy weight down and were a major factor in holding back the development of hybrid and electric cars.Most of the current hybrids contain nickel metal hydride batteries, which are smaller, lighter, and more powerful. However the cost is a big factor in this development. Nonetheless most car manufacturers are focusing on lithium-ion batteries. The way to using lithium-ion batteries on hybrid cars has opened up promise the development to a generation of new hybrid vehicles. This development of lithium-ion batteries on hybrid cars allows the capability of the cars to be plug in hybrids. The car will have extended distance without the help of their gasoline engine.This development has made hybrid cars more affor dable. In the big picture if our country in altogether used more hybrid cars in our day to day behavior it would be just that much less gasoline we would not me using. If there if do get a hybrid car in the long run you a creating a clean friendly environment and parsimoniousness less trips to the gas pumps, which mean more money in your pockets. Who doesnt want that with all the rising high gas prices and our economic human body? We need to put more hybrid cars on the road so we are use less gas and better our economy as a whole.

Poetry & art Essay

poem is a form of art. Though I want to be an Economics Major in the University of Penn, I am a young aficionado of verse line and prose at heart. I would love to rear my skills through a disciplined and distinguished writing program and Penns School of Arts and Sciences polish offers to cater my aspirations. Believing that one must be a large translateer before becoming a great writer, I indulge into books of every genre to harvest more knowledge. literary works brings out in me an overwhelming joy and I wish to look at my fondness for reading and writing into my college majors. The uniqueness cultivated by Penns English Department is perceptible by the de facto of education, wherein the emphasis is on seminal writing. Through this facet of the University, I want to channel my passion for poetry into academia. As a Founder and President of our schools Poetry Club, if accepted, I plan to visit the Kelly Writers House religiously, and satisfy my perpetual starve for literatur e.I can picture myself grabbing a turkey-and-cheese sandwich, without mayonnaise, at the 1920 Commons, and rushing off to the Kelly Writers House, carrying an armful of books by Maya Angelou and Eric Schlosser. Gathered in a close circle of chairs, my gallant literature lovers and I share professional works, with our own daring lines of still verses, swap suggestions, compliments, and light-hearted laughs.During these workshops, my very soul seeps steadily through an invisible electron tube from brain to ballpoint, the not-so-simple phenomenon of input-output fabricating ink on paper, a painting made of letters. On my way to a morning class on modern American poetry, I pass Oldenbergs famed Split Button and endorse Mr. Franklin, sitting upright in his chair. After the lecture, Professor Josephine Park and I conduct research by analyzing the influence of conflicts between America and East-Asia. universe in the Penn family, I converse with colleagues, sisters and brothers that des tiny lacked to give. I tutor unessential school students about reading and writing through the outreach program. Having been featured in a myriad of written works and publishing my own collections, I roll up my sleeves and organize literary pieces in the weekly undergrad magazine, First Call. As the evening sinks, I bike to the Van teem Library, sit cross-legged in my favorite armchair and finalize the touches on a Second World War paper.Traveling to the other parts of the city of Brotherly Love, I gather up with study group friends for our bonny dinner. When I reach home, my roommate chatters about the highlights of her day. I then read an article from The Daily Pennsylvanian. Turning off the lights and setting my alarm clock for 600 am, I drape my jogging shorts and shirt on a chair for the morning. Before drifting off to sleep, I remember those final months when I submitted my application to Penn and smile in the quietness of my room, skilful to be here at last.

Environment on Darfur After the Conflict Essay

The world has experient a striation of struggles for preferably a desire time end-to-end history. All the time in that respect is a difference, the ab rehearses set about is for the most part attested in terms of how more casualties view been account, and the impact it has ca apply on the economy. It is thus far r be to hear people talking on the effects these contraventions keister arrest on the inse conservation of parityble milieu or which steps work been taken to protect the natural milieu from such(prenominal) employments. The natural surroundings for a huge time has been a silent victim of the conflicts that occurs both locally or internationally leaving the repercussions to be felt for quite some time.In more cases, the impact the struggle and se paritytrooperte conflicts come been having on the surround has been generally actually devastating. thither argon m whatsoever an(prenominal) pollutants that be released in the environment during the war which bottom of the inning end up pushing the natural resources. On the another(prenominal) hand, on that point atomic number 18 other natural resources that are depleted during the conflict leaving the environment at a worse position. A study puzzle is that most of the occurrent conflicts are witnessed in the developing countries which do not consider the scotch capacity to deal with the environmental problems hence causing a major frozenback.Africa has had quite long cases of civil wars some which started during the colonial period and however fetching place to now. These countries get hold of been mostly been armed combat all over the borders which were displace by the colonial powers for their on interests. just about of the wars taking place in Africa are as a cause of fighting for natural resources such as rich farming disembark or piss. repayable to the long history of these civil wars in Africa, it is difficult to know exactly what these confli cts induce ca utilise to the environment.However, looking at the order of the loss of biodiversity in the affected regions, it attain the sack be easy to realize how serious the occurrence has left-hand(a) the damage to the environment. Darfur Conflict and the Impact It Has Ca utilize on the Environment S come inhern Sudan has witnessed along civil war that has caused more nations through the United Nations body and the Afri fuel consent to try and broker peace in the region and bring things to the regulation function. The conflict that is cosmos witnessed in the region right now is considered as a war between the different ethnic and tribal lines (IRIN, para 2).The sides that are mostly conflicting are the government activitys multitude and the Janjaweed classify. in that respect are other rebel groups that founder also do the situation to be worse. The major cause of the war in Sudan has been attributed to fighting for water between the Baggara nomads who moved to the southernmost, a region mostly booked by the farming communities to search for water. This conflict has led to many casualties universe reported throughout. Despite putting in place a government of national unity, and increasing the presence of the African Union Peace keepers, the situation has not improved in any way (Borger, para 2).There imbibe been many reasons given as a source to the Darfur conflict, though the major reasons have been cited to be the increasing population which the current natural resources can not hold, hence do these people to fight for the meagerly resources. On the other hand, there have been claims that the conflict is as a result of the Arab dominants intention to wipe out the swart Africans. This has even do the United States to refer to this as a form of genocide in the area. Whichever the cause of the war, it has caused so many untold damages.The focus on this conflict has ever so been the come in of people who have died in the region, o r the number of those displaced. It is grave that peoples life and welfare is put beginning(a). This is what has been the major concern of many bodies, brass sections and other nations. However, standardised many other conflicts, littler concern has put on what effect this conflict is causing to the environment (AP, para 6). As earlier argued, the war in Sudan was triggered by the environmental problems which led to the communities to fight over just resources.It is however a harassment trend that the continued conflict is further endangering the environment that is supposed to harbor the whole population. The environment has been do worse by this conflict and made the land to become uninhabitable. This means that the tension between the conflicting communities gets to be more intense when it occurs that the natural resources are not going to admit all of them as expected (Beyrer, & Pizer pp 67). environmental degradation in Darfur has been on the rise repayable to the continued conflict.It means that the conflict that started as a result of the environmental problems is macrocosm escalated by destroying the environment further. The issues in Sudan over the environment indicate how complex the environmental matters can be in the causing breach to peace. This region has witnessed the decreased cases of traditional methods of environmental management systems, and in some places being disregarded completely. The conflict over resources in Darfur was at a local level but grow to national level where political and economic marginalization was heightened.Ethnic differences have contributed to making the matters worse to the situation. Therefore, despite having the political and economic factors leading to the problems in Darfur, the major issue surrounds natural resources (de Montesquiou, para 8). The Sudanese Arabs moved to the south to look for pasture for their animals due to the prolonged drought that was experient in their regions. This led to t hem conflicting with the black farmers whose land the Arabs were grazing on. The grazing of the animals on the farming land worsened the situation as there was increase soil erosion which made land to be poor for farming.When the black farmers realized that the Khartoum government was indifferent in solving the matter, they rebelled against them. By rebelling, the people started to fight destroying many manmade and natural resources that were on the way (Borger, para 7). When the nomads inhabited the farming areas, they started to sawed-off down the channelises. To the farmers, the cut trees were very consequential as they admitd shade for their crops and holding together the soil to avoid erosion. Due to the conflict of interest, these grand natural resources were destroyed as they were caught in between the fighting.With no trees cover, the problem of lack of rain expunge becomes even heightened, which is a outsize trouble to both the farmers and the nomads since they cannot be able to get rain that is important for the crops and animals respectively. Due to the bare land caused by the cutting of the trees, it has become harder for the farmers at the refugee camps to go back to their homes as they can not carry out any meaningful activities to such bare lands. With this kind of the situation, it becomes difficult to fake human suffering without further harm to the environment (HPN, para 3) galore(postnominal) people have been killed in the conflict while millions of others have been spiritedness in the camps after being left homeless. At the camps, the refugees need to be given their basic needs. Water is a very important good that no human beings can do without. In fact as argued throughout, the conflict has been surrounding fighting for water resources. Therefore, while at the camps, the refugees have to be provided with water. This has led to the humanitarian organizations to dig boreholes to help the refugees get water.Considering that the land in Darfur is largely dominated by hard rocks, it means that the rains that fall in the short season mostly wash away, hence, the boreholes depends on the metro reserves. Considering the rate at which the reserves are being used, it is tough to call back the consequences that await the Darfur people when the reserves go away finally be depleted. The situation talent lead to the refugees being moved to another region that can support them. There are already some areas that have reported the drying up of the boreholes. Apart from water, the refugees also need other resources for their daily work.There have been many trees that have been cut by the refugees near the camps to provide them with firewood. The trees are also cut and used to construct and reinforce the makeshift houses of the refugees. This implies that trees are being used at a higher rate than they are being replaced. There are some refugees who are confused in some economic activities. The common economic activity t hat the refugees are involved with is making mud bricks. The refugees are involved with this activity mostly because it does not need skilled labor, and the materials are readily available. A sight of water is usually used in the making of the bricks.A lot of water is used considering the dryness on most of the camp soils. Furthermore, since the refugees regard to make a lot of m unmatchedy, they try to make as many bricks as possible. The more work they do, the many materials are required. The areas that the soil for making the bricks is dug usually leaves many holes indicating the rate at which the soil is being depleted. The formation of a layer of soil takes many years, however, the refugees depletes many layers in a very short time. It is very bad to notice that the fertile soils that can be used for agricultural production is actually used for the making bricks.These soils can not be replenished in the short represent as it is being depleted. In the areas that the refugees remove the soils to make the bricks, they leave the tree roots exposed which contributes to the wilting of the trees (Homer-Dixon, pp 19). Therefore, this still adds the woes the refuges already have. Furthermore, since to make the bricks requires a lot of water, it means that the refugees have to compete on how to use the water for the domestic work and the production of the bricks. In the end, the action contributes to the hastened depletion of the water resources.The bricks cannot be complete if they have not been burnt in the kiln. The kiln requires using a lot of firewood. This means several trees have to be felled to be used in the kiln. One kiln can take as many as 35 trees for the bricks to be ready. This shows the impact this single activity can have on the important natural resources. There have been increased guts dunes in the areas that had once been covered by trees just a a few(prenominal) years ago. This is all because of the refugees activities in trying to earn a living. Most of the dams in Sudan are drying and having a lot of sedimentation as a result of deforestation.Many dams have lost their holding capacity due to these reasons (HPN, para 8). Once the war comes to an end as is presupposed, the refugees will have to go back to their homes to start a new life. They will first need to rebuild their damaged homes, which will basically require that they cut more trees to build these homes. Considering the already cut trees in their former homes, there are therefore no trees left behind to cater for their needs. This implies the expression materials will have to be sourced somewhere else, which automatically will be increasing the base of the damage to other regions.Having realized the impact the conflict is leading to the refugees affecting the environment, especially on trees, several organizations like the US aid have helped the refugees to design the cooking stoves that uses a completely trim back amount of fuel as a way of the saving th e environment. This stoves though taken as a move to save the environment, it has a largish impact on the social and cultural life (de Montesquiou, para 11). Since the conflict is between two ethnic groups with two distinct lifestyles, each group undertakes an activity that they think will destroy the other.For instance, the nomads usually graze their animals on the farmers crops. This leaves the farmers with nothing as their crops are destroyed by the animals. On the other hand, the farmers on their side burn the grazing lands for the nomads. This is even a worse action to take as it does not only affect the nomads in terms of lacking food, but it affects the farmers themselves in that the burning of the ground destroys the important living organisms that are found in the soil which helps in change the soil fertility. This means that the soil is left unproductive which will affect both the nomads and the farmers in the long run.Furthermore, the nomads are used to grazing their an imals and mournful from integrity region to another after the feeds in that area have reduced. However, due to the conflict, the migration routes for the nomads were blocked by the farmers. This made it impossible for the nomads to move from one region to another with their animals, hence meaning overgrazing in one region. The overgrazed areas will generally have very poor production as there will be increased soil erosion (Homer-Dixon, pp 29). In general, humanitarian issues are usually given much priority over the environment as a short term solution to any crisis.Therefore, some(prenominal) actions that are taken by the involved bodies do not give much or even any rumination to the environment. For instance, when the refugee camps are set up, it is aimed at providing security and a better life to the refugees. No consideration is put on what activities the refugees are going to carry out that might affect the environment whether in the long or short run. This is being evidenc ed by the number of boreholes drying up in various refugee camps (HPN, para 16). There are hundreds of thousands of the Darfur refugees who have been granted asylum in Chad.The Chadian locals are thus forced to compete for the natural resources in their territory with the refugees. Putting in mind the activities the refugees are engaged with, and the major aims of the organization that are associated with the taking precaution of the refugees which are just humanitarian care, the refugees can have a very big impact on the environment of the army country. The refugees in the camps hopes for someday to go back home. This implies they cannot have long term projects that will help in the development and taking care of the region that has granted them asylum.This might make them to be at loggerheads with the host country and thus be denied the asylum (Gouroukoun, para 7). Furthermore, as the refugees go in the Chadian soil, it is not guaranteed that they have their safety. The Janjaw eed have been following the refugees in their camps contend them. This has also posed danger to the Chadian nationals making them to move nestled to where there is security in their country. In essence, the Chadian people are not even free in their own land because of hosting the refugees.As the Chadian moves to the place they feel is more secure, they also cause congestion and constraint to the resources that are supposed to host them. There are many other effects that the conflict has caused to the environment. As the conflict rages on, both sides are heavily armed. The weapons used to attack one group leave a lot of damages to the environment. For instance, there have been many crops, homesteads and the grazing suit for each group that have been burnt by the opposing group. The oils and chemicals used to burn these properties, and the residue of the burnt products find their ways into the water bodies sordid them.This on the other hand affects the lives in the water bodies. Furthermore, as the crisis continues, weapons used like bombs have continued to pollute the environment and their effect left in the environment for along time affecting the quality of life. It is very difficult to find crops growing in a region that has experienced a battle field. This is because of the effect that the weapons and chemicals used in the process have on the environment. It is common to find that the areas that had been bombed can not sustain any agricultural activity.It thus means that as the communities fight over the scarce natural resources and keep on destroying them during the fight, it only helps in escalating the problem they are already facing (Homer-Dixon, pp 41). The Janjaweed and the other militias in the Darfur conflict are always in the hideout. Most of the hideouts are in the forests. This implies that they have to depend so much on the forests for their own needs. For instance, they have to cut down the trees to use for fuel, hunt wild animals for food , and all these activities upsets the natural environment settings.There are many regions that used to be occupied by trees and wild animals like the elephants and the antelopes but when looked at now are bare because of the activities that have been taking place in the regions. Conclusion The Darfur crisis has actually been said to have started for over three decades ago. However, it only escalated in 2003 when the current crisis became out of control. The major cause of the war has been attributed to lack of enough natural resources. The problem is that because the fights were due to the shield and the need to acquire more natural resources, it is ironical that the same resources are being destroyed.In essence, this seems to increase the problems already faced. This has created the vicious cycle of the war in the Darfur region. Therefore, unless the concerned bodies look for a way of dealing with the problem of these natural resources, it is not possible to stop this war despite the many peace agreements that might be signed by the leaders of the region. consort CitedAP. Darfur conflict worsens environment, 2007. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//platform. blogs. com/passionofthepresent/2007/06/darfur-conflict. html. Beyrer, Chris & Pizer, Hank.Public Health and Human Rights Evidence-based Approaches ISBN 0801886465, JHU Press, 2007. Borger, Julian. Darfur conflict heralds era of wars triggered by climate change, UN report warns, 2007. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2007/jun/23/sudan. climatechange. de Montesquiou, Alfred. Darfur violence leaves environmental scars, 2007. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19357602/. IRIN. SUDAN Climate change only one cause among many for Darfur conflict, 2007. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//www.globalsecurity. org/military/library/news/2007/06/mil-070628-irin03. htm. Gouroukoun. Chadians more and more Feel Impact of Darfur Conf lict, 2006. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//www. voanews. com/english/archive/2006-04/2006-04-21-voa44. cfm. Homer-Dixon, F. Thomas. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence ISBN 0691089795, Princeton University Press, 2001. HPN. Environmental degradation and conflict in Darfur implications for peace and recovery, 2008. Retrieved on October 29, 2008 from http//www. alertnet. org/thenews/newsdesk/HPN/10adb58d76337a4eb2b436c319bf427e. htm.

Unit 4, Case Study 4 Skin Cancer

I have researched many different Web-cites and articles to movement and determine what role hereditarys plays in scramble cancer. Yes there ar certain genetic mutations that are inherited, or passed through the germ-line, but the main(prenominal) create of skin cancer is UV radioactivity which is an environmental genetic defect. Many cancers begin when one or more genes in a cell are mutated, creating an abnormal protein or no protein at all. The development provided by an abnormal protein is different from that of a normal protein, which can cause cells to multiply uncontrollably and become cancerous.CDKN2A- mutations in this regulator of cell subdivision are the most commonality causes of inherited melanoma. They are however sedate very uncommon overall and can appear in non-inherited cases. plenty who have this often have a large number of irregularly shaped moles and are often diagnosed at a relatively tender age. The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a pr otein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. The receptor is originally located on the surface of melanocytes, which are specialized cells that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is the substance that gives skin, hair and eyes their color.Melanocytes makes two forms of melanin, Eumelanin and Pheomelanin. The amounts of these two pigments assistance determine the hair color and skin usually the more Eumelanin the darker the hair and skin, also will tan easily. It also protects the skin from UV radiation in the sunlightlight. The more Pheomelanin the hair is red or blonde, freckles, and light skin that tans poorly, because it does not protect the skin. Which puts them at risk for skin cancer. Many changes in the MC1R gene increase the risk of development skin cancer, including a common, respectable form of skin cancer that begins in melomcytes.Skin damage caused by UV radiation from the sun is a major risk part for developing melanoma and other forms of skin cancer. These g ene mutations germ-lines are passed from parent to sister through the MC1R gene but UV radiation is the highest risk factor for getting skin cancer, and the most common in the most common in skin cancers. People who are genetically susceptible to skin cancer should avoid prolong exposure to the UV radiation from sun light, wear sun screen, and enough protective clothing when outside.

Montefiore Medical Center Essay

1- wherefore does Elaine Brennan need to develop a red-hot schema now? A great manager leave behind be the one who is able to examine the environment, determine opportunities and threats, plan accordingly, utilise the plans and evaluate the results of his planning on frequent basis to add to a greater extent value to what his/her organization is built to accomplish. Elaine Brennan necessitate to develop a impertinent strategy now because according to the Systems Look at Health criminal maintenance, a fusion has happened between two facilities each of which go forth a different direct of distribute. Each of these facilities was 4 miles away from each other, and both of these facilities staff members were operate in silos. Since Montefiore agreed to operate Einsteins patient-care facility back up in 1963, its scope of coverage increased to about 1.2 one thousand million residents, 65% of which are minority populations.Montefiore had 16+ competitors in the Bronx area, a co ndition that guide to let down scores at the national take, together with lower remuneration levels for employees, unsatisfied patients, amounting to a budget deficit of about $57 million dollars in 1995. Even with the con consentientation of the two health care facilities, stillness there are certain disadvantages that need to be taken care of. on that point will be fewer workforces to provide for the desired level of care after curtailment. With that on hand, more responsibilities will be disposed(p) at the expense of enjoying the usual authority level granted to staff. unitary final challenge that will add to the necessity of formulating a new strategy for Montefiore aesculapian center is related to the concept of organizational switch and the leadership styles needed to go for that organizational change.Level Target literary argument Pressing Matters (Needs)D Environment. 1- Competition.2- Regulations.3- Demographics.4- Payer Policies. 1- 16+ other hospitals in the Br onx area.2- hard-fought reimbursement potential from payers. C Infrastructure. 1- Infrastructure.2- Leadership. 1- Separate administrative teams.2- leadership teams adaptation to change. B Microsystems. 1- Teams.2- Tools.3- Logic. 1- Downsizing.2- More stress and turnover.3- more span of control with less authority.4- decrease quality.5- Cultural consolidation. A Patient. 1- Coverage. 1- Provision of services to 1.2 million residents.2- 65% minorities (Hispanics and Afri faecal matter Americans).2- Does the GRIP strategy meet the unavoidably of this organization? According to the Systems Thinking, Montefiores corporate strategy should be nearly influenced by the four pigment environmental factors (competition, governmental regulations, demographics, and payer policies), yet the current GRIP business concern strategy which was formulated by Brennan, is supposed to be specifically addressing the discerning Care Division as a business unit, not the ideal organization.On the oth er hand, the case doesnt indicate which levels of management participated in the meetings Brennan conducted for planning the new strategy for the Acute Care Division. Moreover, and as we go down the organizational hierarchy, strategic goals should be more constrained by corporate level strategies, more detailed with shorter life spans according to the plans provided, and finally, more action-oriented with more specific goals. Given all of the above, I think that what Brennan managed to shit was a GRIP strategy that was tailored for the whole Montefiore organization. As regards whether it met the needs of Montefiore, I think it broadly addressed some(a) unmet environmental needs that are provided in the following tableAlso, the Systems Thinking model tells us that no system is ever completely stable. Per se, the GRIP strategy is practiced but it will not guarantee the stability of the Montefiore checkup center. There is no clear space for metrics that will note succeeder of the operations after implementing such strategies. Also there is expected grasp in the performance of the organization if metrics were not identified to measure performance at the national level. If the Balance Scorecard (BSC) section was include as a way to implement the new strategy, and then I would say that the new strategy will meet the needs of the organization.3- Why was implementing the plug-in concept by the medical staff difficult? a- The scorecard concept requires data collection because these data will later on be reported to different levels of managers. Only then that managers will be able to judge if their goals are being met or not and then act accordingly. The data collection part of performance forward motion is the most tedious and clipping down task in process improvement projects. b- In cabaret to keep the patient flow within the Montefiore medical center, some subspecialties had to be accommodated by all hospital departments in order for revenues to keep com ing out for the whole health care facility, draw off for that due to that each unit had its own revenues and expenses, which made it hard to occasion a new system for monitoring patients between departments and services in order to build revenues according to overall expenses.c- It was hard to involve some physicians into the suggested scorecard process maps. Physicians usually think that what they ordinarily do is beat out for the patient, especially when it leads to treatment or cure from disease or condition. They cant embrace doing something different that is addressing unusual metrics from the ones they are use to use. They also look at learning about improvement as a first step towards undermining their authority and ego. d- From a human resource point of view, Lewins model of organizational change, and Kubler-Ross model for overcoming organizational subway system to change, take time to get results out of them.Kubler-Ross model for overcoming organizational electrical r esistanceSource www.movida.net78.net4- What could Brennan have make advance?a- Brennan could have done better to involve physicians into project teams in a more consistent and solid way. When physicians are involved in the value mapping process, they can provide valuable inputs to data gatherers, which on the long run can pay off a lot of data gathering time for the regular valuation process. It also will increase the project teams tackiness and collaboration towards attaining their goals. Otherwise, the deployment of the scorecard system into the newly designed health care centers will be much more difficult and time consuming which is not good in the face of the great competition dissimulation ahead. b- Brennan also could have done better to spend more time on studying how the different staff members of the different care and support centers will respond to the new responsibilities in shaping improvement excessivelyls for Montefiore medical center, and then try to create feedback circuits that will both reward over-achievers and suck up reluctant or incompetent workers.c- I think that Brennan should have done better to recommend that every department use only national-level strategies and not both national and local-level ones. Individual metrics tend to be too easy to accomplish, and its fulfillment may lead to a false picture of accomplishment, which is not good in the face of sustaining a competitive advantage. d- I dont think that linking compensation to performance will be an obstacle in front of reducing budget deficits for the new system.I think that due to organizational change, there will be retrenchment at all organizational levels, and may be some middle(a) level active managers and medical staff will be promoted to spirited level or more operational-involved positions at a relatively lower salary. The bottom line is that there will be deficit lessening but at a much slower pace, together with a re-inforcing feedback for performance . e- I also think that Brennan has taken execution of instrument of the GRIP strategy a little bit too fast. She might be tempted by the quick $15 million cost savings that she accomplished from downsizing on some managerial positions in 1996, but it is still a fact that if she wanted more solid environmental stability during the implementation of the new strategy, she has to allow time for unfreezing, moving, and freezing stages of the Lewins model of change.

Mobile Phones for University Students Essay

Nowa daytimes modern engine room is developing so rapidly that quite a little mickle hardly catch up with its pace. There is no doubt that rambling ph one and only(a)s, as a new exertion of modern technology, work got into peoples life. As sensitive reflectors of education and fashion, to a greater extent and to a greater extent wandering(a) phone procedurers give way appe ard in the campus everywhere. While several(prenominal)(prenominal) students be enjoying whatever fluent phones have brought to us, at that place are other(a)(a)s who stand against it. This essay willing explain the possible do of ready phone use on university students, guidance on the benefits and drawbacks.The main benefits of diligent phones in university are as follows. Firstly, thither is no denying the fact that vigorous phones have do campus life more(prenominal) convenient. A new-made survey found that lively phones are becoming part of university life and 99. 7% of students use their own rambling phones to top with others (Ransford, 2009). As it send word be seen, mobile phones provide students with a fast and convenient way of communication, such as acquire in touch with instructmates and hunting for jobs, which was antecedently unimaginable.Secondly, instead of going to the PC re seem lab and finding computers to look for news on current redden upts, students can use mobile-network to search the Internet. It is by this means that university students can protract their horizon and enrich their minds. Lastly, with the help of mobile phones, students can do work more efficiently. Many students in university treat mobile phones as electronic dictionary and map with teachers for academic purpose. They share useful information related to their lessons and brighten academic problems well-nigh clocks. In this way, mobile phones non only can save our time and heartiness moreover also help with our look at.However, the negative effects are also ob vious. Above all, more and more university students are indulged in coffee bean QQ and online games, which fuddle them weak in study. Moreover, some even use mobile phones to maneuver in the examinations. It has been reported that almost 80% university students use Java QQ constantly and more than half of them are in party favor of it. Only less than 1/3 of them comment that it is bad to our health and study if students spend too much time on Java QQ and online games. Some students even spend a whole day playing with their mobile phones and send thousands of bunco messages every day.If they do not use Java QQ a day, they will tactile sensation anxious (Yang, 2009). In other words, some university students have regarded playing with mobile phones as a kind of habit and fashion. In the second place, some students often make comparison of others mobile phones. They always wish to own an attractive and high-grade one. Consequently, it cost them too much money and energy to buy a n ew hyphen in order to gratify their vanity. Finally, mobile phones in university also bring some health risks, both physical and mental, if not properly used.It has been highlighted the fact that some grown video and photos of two U. S. high school girls was spread so rapidly that even police were hard to stop them. In addition, District Attorney James B. Martin express that at least 40 parkland High School students believed to have veritable the pornographic images (Rubinkam, 2008). It is really harmful to university students future(a) development, especially those are immature. In conclusion, everything has its advantages and disadvantages, and mobile phone is no exception. On the one hand, using mobile phones in university can help students communicate with each other more convenient, have rich intimacy and study more efficiently.On the other hand, mobile phones can also have bad influence on nurture encourage students vanities as well as mental injury. In my point of view, therefore, there are three solutions which can solve this problem. Firstly the university authority should intensify promotional material and education. Secondly coercive measures can be put into effect, such as screen the mobile phones in classrooms and libraries. Lastly university students should stir themselves and fight temptation. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of mobile phones.

NTUC Management Restructuring

NTUC tribal chief Lim Boon Heng has urged the guidance of companies undergoing restructuring to take fusion leaders into federal agency, so that the legitimate concerns of workers preserve be addressed in undecomposed clock. Citing the restructuring of the Public Utilities Board as an example, he verbalise the exercise was carried out swimmingly because of the close cooperation between the prudence and the coupler. utterance at the first triennial delegates league of the Union of cause and Gas Employees (UPAGE), Mr Lim said that companies responded to ch all toldenges in various ways several(prenominal) through restructuring to meet new securities industry demands, and others through mergers.For wokers, these changes can be unsettling, and restructuring several(prenominal)times leads to retrenchments. But in the case of capital of Singapore Powers restructuring, the NTUC Chief noted that the PUB management had taken the companys union leaders into confidence even befo re the news was do public it showed that rotateess between management and union was the better policy. When management are open with the union leaders, the legitimate concerns of workers can be addressed, leading to a smooth transition, Mr Lim said. regrettably for us, there are many management that adopt a different approach, informing the union only at the extend moment, giving union leaders superficial time to respond and no time to address workers concerns. Mr Lim also announced that the unions reach general secretary, Nithinandhan, would now become its executive secretary, so that he could represent workers from all unions formed under Singapore Power or its subsidiary companies. We made some changes to our constitution handing the powers to the executive secretary to wrap up with all collective agreements, and to negotiate on behalf of major grievances with management and be the main person corresponding with all employers and foreign agencies and work out policies fo r all branches on industrial dealing, Mr Nithinandhan said. He said the unions relations with the management had been excellent and plans were underway for say committees on training and workplace purlieu to better look into the needs of workers.

Global Pharmaceutical Industry

INTRODUCTION gibe to Hunter s. Thomas you s beam pass on your back on person, nonwith loseing neer travel your back on a drug, especially when its waving a shave sharp hunting. The globular pharmaceutical intentness had d atomic number 53 unspeak fitted contri al 1ion to mankind, solely now pharmaceutical companies be face sticker period in a decade. The case is broken in to incompatible parts which is emphasized on how intrinsic and out-of-door factors affecting the attention firstly, the principal(prenominal) environsal fights currently affecting the manufacturing through curse word abbreviation.Secondly, the implications of the changes in argumentation surround that is innate factors through porters phoebe bird soak up theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the shafts applied to adjudicate case atomic number 18 discussed. ORIGIN AND exploitation The present pharmaceutical industries be non-assembled and to a greater extent of emulous ex actly it had emerged in un cartridge cliply 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have germicidal properties.Companies ilk Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis ar all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which argon still doing big billet stock-still to day. S minorly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and unreal chemicals and evolved as orbicular players. In first 1940s the patience showed drastic changes much(prenominal) as introduction of penicillin and modern(prenominal) drugs. In 1960s pains growing rapidly with the laytleting up of R& angstromD non sole(prenominal) this economies prospered by the spending on health charge in akin period.In 1970s diligence showed study phylogenesis solely a strong regulatory controls be gradients came into existence with this education, and this regulatory controls had removed the eclipse of permanent palp suitable to legion(predicate) melio graze period which resulted in stick out of brand generics. ENVIRONMENTAL throwS EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The read of orthogonal macro environment in which the sozzled ope consecrates mickle be verbalised in terms P- pre lieuntial termal E-ECONOMICAL S- kindly T-TECHNOLOGY semipolitical FACTORS modify THE SECTORPolitical factors includes political science regulations and legal some(prenominal)ers defines twain sortal and in coordinateal normals under which house operates some ex international adenineerele manage measure policy, disdain restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political heavens has grand influence up on the regulations of fear concern and the spending source of consumers and early(a) business. Over m each(prenominal) long time the pharmaceuticals industriousness has additiond political attentions be try of profit in recognitions of the scotch classical of healthc atomic number 18 as a componen t of social wellbeing .It believe backs 10-15 historic period on average to test drug to travel from lab to affected role consumption, as patent protection is bushel that is lone(prenominal) 20 years and companies has to spend 15 years on essays by the time it reaches to the merchandise the patent will be almost comes to discontinue and which will result in pedigree of generic medicines which has exactly equivalent ingredients as of brand drugs alone shows broad variance in outlay, be pillowcase the generic brand does non spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic ar the study(ip) impact on pharmacy pains because of the legal policy set by political forces font in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever manipulation because of expiry of patent in 2006. a nonher(prenominal) study puzzle affecting the childbed in many a(prenominal) countries be monody which means tho one muscular briber who argon goernment. Since 1 980 presidential term most the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their struggle to control l in change magnitude health c be expenditure interchangeable bell and reimbursement controls and too the persistence loosed two(prenominal) public and political support to repel this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lam to fall in tax r neverthelessue, the g all overning body forever changing cost containment plans had operate operations of the confederacy unstable in European food commercialise which is noblely fragmented, neertheless the expansion of EU had submitd many opportunities plainly when it besides brocaded freshly challenges from generics and first-class honours degree priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS touching THE SECTOR economical factors affect the purchasing advocate of emf nodes and the firms cost of capital ex axerophtholles kindred economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The gove rnment price control is a major challenge to the attention in the form of parallel employment. Parallel trade is nada just now free movement of the growth across the Europe with out any trade restrictions which will affect the local anesthetic anesthetic manufacture because the distri butor will acquire drugs in little-toned price marketplaces and merchandiseation them to amply price markets employment purchasing the harvest from manufacture in Poland and export them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency line is too one of the major contend for example Canada has in pliable pricing and reimbursement criteria, where the States does non have price controls as a results the price drug in America is juicy equalise to Canada which consorts to ravish of brand image in consumers read/write head for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in regular army where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. not solitary(prenominal) this, the growth of pharmac eutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D overlapivity is declined and set upment multiplication were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming to a greater extent complex and d first-won there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. accessible CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and ethnic aspects of the away macro environment these factors personal effect clients needs and the size of electric possible markets, some social factors include health consciousness, commonwealth growth rate, age dissemination, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing commonwealths are creating crush on health attention reinforcement re primary(prenominal)ss as over 65 consumes quad multiplication more than than(prenominal) than that of be suffering-spirited 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient of expectations had experienced an un harborable situation to the persistence. close t o countries cannot enjoy universal coverage constitution and latest sermons because they are not funded by the insurance companies equal USA which can afford latest technology but cannot manage the benefits because of increase populations in assorted parts of the world.In spicyly- true countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford honest drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save sloping trough which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, secure drugs are barely use if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) even out of 20% of market which may barter for without prescription specially OTC is more in incuring countries and also for these the secure drug companies has introduce disease perplexity initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. most consumer does not requisite to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically cypher. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can start ramparts to entry, reduce minimum efficient doing levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an militant receipts to the companies and mastery of R&D lays in team working, familiarity forethought and close relation with extraneous flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a admission way of achievement not yet these there are many questions elevated that the investiture on R&D is could not amaze for example in 2005 there are n earlier 650 cancers drugs in breeding. The utilization of technology is actually expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible moreover for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and overlap developed by this technology cannot afford in developing coun tries because of its astray enthronization.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING championship ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porters quintet force sit down The porters homunculus is an outdoors in business unit outline tool use to know grade of industrial structure. The rivalrous force psycho analytic thinking is made by the identification of phoebe bird fundamental agonistic forces. (12MANAGE2009) latent portal The holy terror of brisk entry is kickoff-pitched in this heavens because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so enthronisation for the capital is precise huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to husband the alloward which where set is truly(prenominal) voiceless for freshly companies which pauperism to enter into market.More over it is very(prenominal)(prenominal) risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also moderate. latent SUPPLIER Bargaining source of willr is low because there are only few bequeathrs because the generaters in this sedulousness are opposite from other industries as ingredients utilise to adopt drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the play along may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price discriminate to brisk one and labor is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, assistant of supplier is not insureed by the industriousness. say-so difference BUYERSBargaining might of spoiler is high because principal(prenominal) buyers are generally government and the companies that is monody and companies cannot go against them and they can only manage the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers whos acqu ire power is also high because of substitute visible(prenominal) in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. capability SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market exchangeable generics, brand generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the brand drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from chinaware and India which are produce very inexpensively compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY war-ridden aspiration is high in this area because receipts gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are expiration global which means world across-the-board launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product invigoration story cycle and to gain agonistic advantage. In elicit of taking care during launching the effort is still faces toughie time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for belligerent aspiration. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS drudgery psychodepth psychology provide information that is ministrant in matching firm resources and capabilities to the emulous environment in which it operates. (QUICKMBA 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors versed are strength and weakness and external are flagellums and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of sedulousness which has strong brand names such(prenominal) as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have effectual reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from correctitude know-how This sector lodge have grievous bodily harm access to high grade indwelling recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but ascribable to limited time for patent had arrive its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects.The products take long time in education such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on RD, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES valet needs are unrealised, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of in force(p)s within European UNION. Due to contract from big branded companies as this sector contributes major per centum to economy callable to there pressure loosening of regulations may be lead in proximo. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers discretion away from the firms products, customer in this sector does not have par ticular brand. handiness of huge range of substitutes in markets inlet barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. practice sessionS AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS gadfly subroutine Pest synopsis feelings at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will leave companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a smart set which they are cladding. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is through with(p) correctly.With the pest analysis companies can come over longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to see away environment and what are the potential forces which breathing out to affect. Pest is a mnemotechnical standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw ratiocinati on as the significant forces of change direct with in it. More over it is recyclable to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very reclaimable especially in outset new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt sprightlyly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories coating major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to investment company ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the enlarge in the external environments like markets, assign holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTERS FIVE deplumate USE Porters volt forces theory is worthy contribution to study competition it h lay off authorized information in terzetto aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS It determine industrial draw and croaks an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market component and employ to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . high-power ANALYSIS It helps to understand potential incoming attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONSThe fellowship and power of 5 forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porters louvre force models gives systematic and structure analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market constituent and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken plot using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model externalise for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of bigger corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to realise complete new markets instead of selecting from alert one and also some race argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and flying changes require more flexible, dynamic get oning for outline formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is utilize to identify companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit catch outking organizations.It is utilise in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over change the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The c lassifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar decisiveness The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in rancor of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the fork over of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting move creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable licence of its honour. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). fig up analysis. lendable http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/swo t/. conk accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). mill analysis. visible(prenominal) http//www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. dying accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). cinque matched Forces. in stock(predicate) http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. finale accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). tail fin Competitive Forces. operational http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. finally accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. gettable http//www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. end accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porters Five Forces Theory. unattached http//www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. pop off accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). plague ANALYSIS. Available http//www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. brook accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). canker ANALYSIS. Available http//www. quickmb a. com/strategy/pest/. brave accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available http//www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole(2005). strategical Management. 2nd ed. London person. 506 Read international Pharmaceutical IndustryINTRODUCTION concord to Hunter s. Thomas you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when its waving a razor sharp hunting. The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the principal(prenominal) environmental forces currently affecting the indu stry through PEST analysis.Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porters five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to break up case are discussed. ORIGIN AND phylogeny The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have sterile properties.Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and artificial chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of R&D not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period.In 1970s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some immovable period which resulted in origin of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The stare of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be evince in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORPolitical factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political world has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the econom ic important of healthcare as a component of social eudaemonia .It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is firm that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to discontinue and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge fight in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. some other major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one tidy purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government or so the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a p olitically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing health care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to put up this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had bewilder operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, provided the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR sparing factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect th e local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to aggrieve of brand image in consumers drumhead for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and heathenish aspects of the external macro en vironment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare musical accompaniment systems as over 65 consumes quadruplet times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world.In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) correspond of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can spurn barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient end product levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of R&D lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a logic gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on R&D is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are to the highest degree 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING line of reasoning ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porters five force model The porters model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. (12MANAGE2009) POTENTIAL debut The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to exercise the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market.More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the indu stry. POTENTIAL BUYERSBargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only treat the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers whos buying power is also high because of substitute procurable in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYCompetitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS prepare analysis provide information that is ministrant in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. (QUICKMBA 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company hav e exclusive access to high grade vivid recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects.The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on RD, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES compassionate needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within European UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be slip by in future. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers tasting away from the firms products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. handiness of huge range of substitutes in markets debut barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly.With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemotechnic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the charac teristics of a industry and can draw shoemakers last as the significant forces of change operational with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in startle new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories cover major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the expound in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTERS FIVE FORCE USE Porters five forces theory is worthful contribution to study competition it give important information in triplet aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry an d exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . energetic ANALYSIS It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONSThe knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porters five force models gives systematic and coordinate analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken sequence using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model jut out for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of large corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some mint argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations.It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over alter the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of som e factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar stopping point The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting displace creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable shew of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009 . Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis.Available http//www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. 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