How Music Influences Peoples Behavior - 500 Words

How Music Influences Peoples Behavior Music is the one thing that has been around since pretty much forever. And in that forever weve created hundreds of music genres including; Classical, Rock/Metal, Country, Pop, Jazz, Rap, and the list goes on. For thousands of years we have made and listened to music but why? I think its because music is an emotional release for all of us. Music just makes us happier and calmer and better. Let me explain to you why I think this. One example is that we use music in hospitals, therapy, elevators, waiting rooms, being on hold on the phone, etc. Its to make us feel less anxious or irritated or awkward. Imagine sitting in an elevator without elevator music quietly playing...it would be kind of†¦show more content†¦When you get your heart broken and just want to lie down and listen to the same sad song on repeat until you feel better, thats okay. When you listen to that sad song, its telling you, Ive been through hard times too. Its okay, you re not alone. Or when you listen to the happiest song ever, it makes you feel happy. Something that I cant quite understand is that I listen to heavy metal and according to something I read about music and brains it said that after listening to heavy metal your body and mind is calmer. Even if you dont quite acknowledge feeling calmer. I guess the brain is just too amazingly complex for me to understand right now. Heavy metal is a good example of communicating emotions. Genrally, Heavy metal conveys anger and pain and sadness...maybe some paranoia and distubed feelings. But thats beside the point. Its very filled with emotions. I used to listen pop and after a while it made me very annoyed and angry whenever I listened to it. If that happens to you its obviously time to find something new to listen to. Im an easily annoyed person, listening to pop that much wasnt good for me. The same songs play over and over and over and they repeat the same word like 20 times. So I recommend findi ng a genre that suits your personality. So, That is why I think music is an emotional release that has so very many effects on our attitude, personality and behavior. So in conclusion, Music is in our everyday livesShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Portrayal of Women in Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbeat-boxer in rap music today, has been quoted saying, â€Å"Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.† Although this is the original intention of hip-hop music, public opinion currently holds the opposite view. Since the 1970’s musical artists have changed the face of hip-hop and rap and worldwide, people – mostly teens—have been striving to emulate certain artists and their lyrics, which has created negative stereotypes for hip-hop music and also forRead MoreRap Music And Its Impact On Society884 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact music has on the life of people is very powerful. It can easily revamp the way people act and take control of people’s emotions. Rap music is a very common and popular type of music within the world today. Rap music has existed since the mid 1970s, nowadays it is practically everywhere. It is easily a central focus of many young people’s lives. Rap music was essentially intended to create a voicing of one’s frustrations and disappointment with society, it has recently taken a turn andRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmovies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argue that the information is not processed by the people watching and therefore has no impact on behavior. The skeptics say this has no impact on people’s action, pointing out the fact that people rarely watch an intense movie where many women are harmed, then proceed t o go out in public and duplicate those actionsRead MoreInfluence Of Media On Adolescents933 Words   |  4 PagesDepictions of sexual behavior and erotic material are observed in the media on a regular basis; often in movies, video games, television shows, music and many other sources of mass media. Aside from those depictions occurring in the media, sexualized intimate behaviors take place in the public sphere every day as well. Sexual media content is frequently held accountable for minors’ early engagement in sexual activities. While there are large amounts of research on the influence of media on adolescentsRead MoreThe Debate Of Hip Hop Music1509 Words   |  7 Pagescertain genres of music have an impact on the behavior of listeners, whether that impact is positive or negative. Would a person steal because of a song they heard? Would a person murder another human due to the lyrics of their favorite song? Questions like these are often asked and very rarely answered. T he main genre of debate: hip hop music. Though the debate continues to go on in today’s society, the answer has never been given. In fact, some research shows that hip -hop music can have a generallyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Dancehall Music1224 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is defined by the Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia as a figurative and literal form of language or speech with less specificity than spoken words but possessing subtler shades of meaning and more emotive forces. It creates harmony between individuals and it can also tear them down. It is readily available throughout different medias and its intrinsic to all cultures. In Jamaica, the popular genre of music are Reggae and Dancehall. Reggae is a genre of music that has its roots in many other musicalRead MoreIs Art And Music?1353 Words   |  6 PagesWhat truly is Art and Music? Is it something that an individual made just to express their imagination? The practice of Art in any form has created foundations o f what is today a â€Å"society†. One may not know this but the aesthetics of â€Å"Art and Music† in Criminal Justice plays a vital role into the human psychology; allowing to regress the mind of a criminal or a detainee. In becoming a Homicide Detective, it is imperative to have a calm atmosphere when someone is being interrogated in order to getRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media such as television have become powerful influences on individuals, especially impactingRead MoreMedia Is The Most Accessible Form Of Infor mation1643 Words   |  7 Pageswhat they spend their time is YouTube. It is a large video sharing service and more than 4 billion clips are watched every day on YouTube. In addition, many of most watched videos are music videos. A recent study found that 77% of adolescents are watching a YouTube channel and 1 over 3 of them is a viewer of music channel. More over, 91.4% of teenagers think it is a one of positive aspect of our society. However, as with anything there are negative aspects too. According to them, one of the biggestRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Lives1543 Words   |  7 Pages It has been a long time we are living with the media. Has media affected our behavior negatively? This issue – the negative influence of media on our life, has been debated since the media evolved. Media, is not only news as many would think, but also things like movies, TV shows, music, and surprisingly, even the video games are now a major part of media. All these media divarication play no negative roles on our lives for some people. However, I believe for each one of media’s divarication there

Values For Making Decisions Essay - 1936 Words

Values For Making Decisions Integrity From my experience, those that value integrity have a true understanding of their beliefs and consistently base their decision making on these values. This is an important quality to have because people are looking to follow a leader. I have grown up with a belief that any form of stealing is wrong. I had to apply these beliefs while working for at Loews Theatre several years ago. If an item had been found in the theatre it was up for grabs. The employees had created a finders keepers culture. One afternoon while I was cleaning with a male employee, a wallet was found in between some seats. He immediately opened the wallet to see if there was any money inside. I demanded that the employee†¦show more content†¦A manager may ask for a worker to lie on a report or to work on a religious Sabbath. There may be many sacrifices made in order to defend principles. Honesty As the saying goes, honesty is the best policy. I have found that everyone benefits from being honest. My automotive mechanic just told me that it is time to start looking for another vehicle; my car may die in a day or in a year. Immediately after hearing the news I went to a dealership to test drive a car. While I was there I saw an acquaintance that was interested in a hybrid car. In the parking lot she explained that she needed to find a vehicle that would get great gas mileage. I agreed that the car would be great on gas but I had heard that some maintenance on the car was quite expensive. I continued to tell her that to replace a battery would cost thousands. She was shocked and immediately turned to the salesman and asked why he did not disclose that information. He looked at her and said she did not ask him about it. She is retired and cannot afford this type of cost when the problem arises. The salesman could have clearly stated the pros and cons of the car and let her make an informed decision. From withholding that information and being dishonest, trust was lost in the business relationship. I placed honesty as my second highest value because in all situations, being honest with myself and others in personal or business matters is very important. All trueShow MoreRelatedPersonal Values and Decision Making1112 Words   |  5 PagesPERSONAL VALUES AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS To discuss personal values and decision making, we need to know the definition of decision making is A principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable. â€Å"Values are a major motivating force for people because they categorise how people attach meaning, worth and importance to things. When a person s values are matched, they feel complete and satisfied. If values are not met, there is a sense of dissatisfaction, unease orRead MoreAre The Most On Values For Making Decisions?811 Words   |  4 PagesI would rely the most on values for making decisions. 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This research will include three leadership theories to support the discussion and focus on how the strategies (including leadership, communication, and decision-making) employed by Nokia leadership demonstrated an understanding of human behavior. LastlyRead MoreValues Based Decision-Making Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesAn individuals personal, organizational, and cultural values are the foundation of their personal and professional decision-making cycle. These values form the core of that individuals moral fabric, and his actions and decisions are predicated on those beliefs. Shalom H. Schwartz defined values as conceptions of the desirable that guide the way social actors (e.g. organizational leaders, policy-makers, individual persons) select actions, evaluate people and events, and expla in their actions andRead MoreValues and Ethical Decision Making/Scenario1469 Words   |  6 PagesValues and Ethical Decision Making/Scenario Team B Lakisha Bradley, Telisa Jupiter, Charlene Gillette, Jasmine Hives, and Stacey Lamb MGT/521 Steven Perret February 12, 2012 Values and Ethical Decision Making/Scenario Team B will be evaluating the personal values, organizational values, and ethical decision-making processes of Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center. 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What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics; second, we will take a look at work ethics; third we will look into strategic leadership and decision making; fourth we take aRead MoreThe Challenges Of Values And Ethics Based Business Decision Making852 Words   |  4 PagesThe challenges of values and ethics based business decision-making in the current global market place is creating a positive corporate culture that requires a strong conviction by its members by offering corporate values and ethics which are essential in running an effective business (Henle, 2006, p. 347). Additionally, due to the differences in cultural ethics globally organization ethical standards can be transferred universally when they are deemed as trustworthy, credible, economical, and reliable

Using Violence for Entertainment Purposes - 813 Words

Violence, a Human Obsession or Human Nature? ART IS AN ACT OF VIOLENCE.- Nicolas Winding Refn Film is one of the only art forms that can impact us on a deep emotional level, and perhaps that is why it is often said that the medium has a â€Å"violence problem†. The reason there is so much violence captured on film is due part to the fact that film is perfectly suited for addressing it. Most of films make us face our own fears and desires in dissimilar ways, but not a single one of them made me want to punch someone in the face let alone murder any living organism. Refn’s Drive rid that desire, amongst other things, quite some time ago, My most vivid memory of the fall of 2011 is watching a man having his head stomped in by the à ¼ber cool Ryan Gosling. Drive was screening shortly after its controversial universal premiere in the Cannes film festival that May. Driver, played by a mute Ryan Gosling, drive s his boot it into the side of the man’s head, which collapses upon the elevator floor. He never takes even the slightest pause, he just continues to stomp again, and again. When his foot thudded down for perhaps the sixth time it turned the skull of a man into a bloody pulp the man had no head the fragments of skull rested on the floor like crumbs of bread and it was amazing my jaw was on the floor I was in awe no matter if you say the act was animalistic and I found it satisfying plus it wasShow MoreRelatedDeath And Violence In Ernest Hemingways Interchapters901 Words   |  4 Pagesof death and violence with his work of the Interchapters. Hemingway uses the Interchapters to show in a world full of death and violence the only way to overthrow it is to acknowledge its existence. Hemingway uses the Interchapters to demonstrate violence through international conflict, violence through entertainment, and violence through social prejudice. First, Hemingway portrays violence through international conflict. In the Interchapters Hemingway demonstrates death and violence through warRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and many socialRead MoreMedia Violence1105 Words   |  5 Pages Censorship of Violence in Popular Entertainment is NOT Justified â€Å"When I was at church they taught me something else/ If you preach hate at the service those words arent anointed/ That holy water that you soak in has been poisoned/ When everyone else is more comfortable remaining voiceless/ Rather than fighting for humans that have had their rights stolen/ I might not be the same, but thats not important/ No freedom till were equal, damn right I support it.† These are lyrics from a songRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Today s Society1550 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision has greatly evolved since the 1950s, and has become a part of most American households over the years. 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VideoRead MoreThere is More to Rap Music Than Just Violent Lyrics Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesThere is More to Rap Music Than Just Violent Lyrics ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to show that there is more to rap and hip hop lyrics than what most people take them for. It cannot be disputed that violence is a major theme in this genre of music, but the lyrics of artists who have been able to stay in the game for a long time show that overtime the subject of their song matter varies with their experiences and success. Two artists who are very well respected in the rap industry andRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Aspects of Video Games in Society968 Words   |  4 PagesIn our modern society, we rely on varieties of entertainment in order to satisfy our need for enjoyment. One type of entertainment, which is currently becoming more prominent in our culture is video games. As it is becoming more prominent, it is also evolving throughout the years. Video games now are becoming more complex and influential in our society. People can use this type of entertainment was a way to relieve stress or a way to socialize with others online. Video games is almost available everywhereRead MoreRestrictions, Licenses, And Laws1105 Words   |  5 Pagesidentity or by using your name. IP- Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions patents. trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Ethical: Video games are played for entertainment and amusement,Read MoreViolence in the Media in Richard Rhodes Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence1289 Words   |  5 Pagesabout Fantasy Violence† expresses that the media’s portrayal of violence has no influence on those that view it. One of the first tactics that Rhodes used was by attacking the flaws of Organizations who blamed entertainment for the issues of violent behaviors. He claims that due to increased social control over the years has caused a decline in violence. Rhodes’ used thought-provoking tactics attempting to disprove that violence is influenced from the media instead he believes that violence is stemmedRead MoreTelevision Is The Worst Thing Ever Invented?899 Words   |  4 Pagesstrongly believed that books such as textbooks will not disappear, because the purpose of it is obviously different from the television. Reading a book stimulates the readers imagination and is usually considered a way more reliable of information compared to watching a TV program. However both books and television have a lot of similarities the most obvious are both can be used for education and entertainment purposes. It is worth mentioning that the value of television and books also depend on

Ethical And Ethical Ethics Of The Food Industry Essay

Using antibiotics in the food industry is immoral in multiple ways because they threaten the safety of the general public and create harm to the environment. It is our moral responsibility as engineers to come up with a solution that will better protect our well-being and the animals and plants around us. Utilitarian and Kantian ethical theories support this view, while ethical risk assessment should be a part of coming up with a solution. Antibiotics came into the commercial setting in the 1940s, when penicillin began to be used to treat infections. Shortly after, livestock and poultry farmers began to integrate antibiotics into their conventional farming methods. Now, less than a hundred years later, 70% of all antibiotics that are used in human medicine are also used in agriculture and livestock, while 80% of all antibiotics in the U.S. are used in animals. Although this has increased meat and poultry production and lowered the cost for consumers, we are on a treacherous path to reversing the last 100 years of advanced medical discoveries. Antibiotics are injected into animals and plants in order to grow them faster, larger, and to prevent diseases from spreading in their dirty â€Å"factory farm conditions.† Factory farms are an unnatural way of raising poultry and other meats, but have become the prevailing method. The animals are kept in sheds with no space to move around and many never see sunlight in their entire life spans. Animals are forced to gain up to 4 to 5% moreShow MoreRelatedInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words   |  6 PagesII (A). INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING MCDONALDS Due to globalization and increased competition in the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonald’s. There are various internal and external environmental factors affecting the functions of McDonald’s corporation and demands for new innovations. The factors are as follows: Internal Factors: Internal factors are the factors within the company, which affects the success and operation of business. The company canRead MoreEthical Issues Of Marketing Field Of Australia1450 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Issues in Marketing Field of Australia Introduction: Ethics is the principle of differentiating between right and wrong. In business and marketing process, a number of ethical issues are involved that may have a positive or negative impact on the company. The term Ethical marketing is not only a marketing strategy but also a philosophy. It encourages a company representative to be honest, fair, and responsible in all advertising. It also includes communication skill, leadership skill, teamworkRead MoreEssay about Kellogg’s Ethics1451 Words   |  6 PagesKellogg’s Ethics Kellogg’s Overview The Kellogg’s company shows a serious commitment to ethics. In 2007, they were the top U.S. company for ethics in the food and beverage industry; third globally.[1] Their role in the food and beverage industry has been maintained for over 100 years, and they produce their products globally, spanning 180 countries. They produce food items such as cookies, crackers, cereal, baking needs, and many other snack items commonly consumed. Read MoreBusiness Ethics : An Individual s Moral Judgements1487 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is defined as an individual’s moral judgements about right and wrong while business ethics is defined as â€Å"organizational principles, values, and norms that may originate from individuals, organizational statements, or from the legal system that primarily guide individual and group behavior†. As the rapidly growing of business organization in a world of globalization nowadays, business ethics is more important than ever. Studying and understanding of business ethics is very important becauseRead MoreEthics Essay Eth 316759 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Essay Franklin G. Hisole ETH / 316 April 20, 2015 Robert Gennette Ethics and Morality Moral and ethics defines the nature of our society and culture today. They are both complimentary in nature but different in some ways. Moral determines person’s character when an individual interacts in social and personal relationship and Ethics are the philosophical study of morality or moral standards. Utilitarian theory, Virtue ethics, and Deontological areRead MorePepsico Ethics and Compliance1533 Words   |  7 PagesPepsiCo Ethics and Compliance FIN/370 – Finance for Business PepsiCo Ethics and Compliance PepsiCo Inc. is a world leader in the beverage and snack food industry. Founded in 1965, the company has grown to become a household name. PepsiCo employs more than 285,000 employees worldwide, and has revenues of more than $60 billion (Our History, 2011). PepsiCo prides itself on social and environmental responsibility, and maintains a commitment to ethical business practices. Role of Ethics and ComplianceRead MoreConsumerism : A New Layer Of Commodity Fetishism1300 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts, but the industrial revolution has made the food industry a money-making market. Capitalism is the main hindrance of ethical consumerism with products being advertised on various platforms, making a negative impact on food choices. Organic labeling provides information to consumers about the origins of a commodity and the conditions under which they are produced. It encourages consumers to make better food choices. Capitalism exploits ethical consumerism which then acts as â€Å"a new layer of commodityRead MoreThe Driving Force Behind A Company s Financial Success Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesto consumers. Thus marketing managers has not only a moral but also an ethical responsibility to consumer, stakeholders and the company they represents. In simple layman’s term, ethics is a concept of what is wrong and right. For marketers, ethics is the working place refer to rules (standards, principles) governing the conduct of organizational members and the consequences of marketing decision (Peterson Farrell, 2005). Ethic is defined as Philosophical principle that serve as operational guidelinesRead MoreEthical Case Study Wal Mart vs Petco1238 Words   |  5 PagesHobson Professor: Grant Wylie PHI 3360, Business Ethics 12 April 2011 Ethical Case Study Wal-Mart vs. PETCO Good business ethics is just one of many ingredients necessary for a successful business. You cannot have a successful business if you take advantage of stakeholders that support and have a vested interest in your business. History has shown time and again that, when the opportunity to grab quick profits presents itself, ethics can all too readily take a back seat to the entrepreneurialRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market1401 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Overview of the company: Whole Foods Market is a chain of organic, natural supermarkets found in USA, Canada and the UK. Initially founded in Austin, Texas in 1980, at a time when there were less than half a dozen natural supermarkets, the company saw rapid growth domestically through expanding across Texas and then into the West Coast of America. This was achieved through growth from the ground up and acquiring smaller natural food companies. Whole Foods Market in the present day is the result

Analysis Of The Article Jasmin Hernandez - 1028 Words

Jasmin Hernandez (Plaintiff) states that she was sexually assaulted by Tevin Elliott on April 15, 2012. At the time of the alleged assault, Hernandez was a freshman at Baylor University and Elliott was a student as well as a member of the Baylor football team. Three Defendants Hernandez filed suit against Baylor University, Art Briles (Baylor’s former head football coach) and Ian McCaw (Baylor’s former athletic director) all three of which are considered Defendants in this case. Hernandez seeks to hold these three Defendants liable because she states that they all knew Elliott had six previous sexual assault allegations and did nothing to discourage his actions or protect her from him. Furthermore, following the assault, the university†¦show more content†¦Defendants Request a Dismissal The Defendants ask the court to dismiss all four of the Plaintiff’s claims. The Court grants two of the Defendants dismissal requests: Intentional infliction of emotional distress - the Court states that because Texas law places a duty on Briles and McCaw, the Plaintiff s negligence claim will fill any gaps. Post-reporting - the Plaintiff alleges that the staff at Baylor neglected to assist her when she reported the sexual assault; however, the Court dismisses this claim due to the expiration of its statute of limitations (amount of time an individual has to file a claim). The Plaintiff cannot seek damages on either of the claims listed above. The Plaintiff will be able to move forward with her suit against the Defendants in the areas of heightened-risk and negligence, here is why: Heightened-Risk of Sexual Harassment and Assault The Plaintiff contends that Baylor’s knowledge of the potential threat Elliott and other student-athletes posed as well as their deliberate lack of concern subjected her to an increased risk of being sexually assaulted. Specifically, Hernandez alleges that the university failed to address and intentionally concealed the sexual violence committed by football players for several years; the Plaintiff also states that Baylor’s staff was directly and repeatedly told about the sexual assaults committed

Impact of Inflation Essay Example For Students

Impact of Inflation Essay Inflation is the most commonly used economic term in the popular media. A Nexis search in 1996 found 872,000 news stories over the past twenty years that used the word inflation. Unemployment ran a distant second. Public concern about inflation generally heats up in step with inflation itself. Though economists do not always agree about when inflation starts to interfere with market signals, the public tends to express serious alarm once the inflation rate rises above 5 or6 percent. Public opinion polls show minimal concern about rising prices duringthe early 1960s, as inflation was low. Concern rose with inflation in the late 1960sand early 1970s. When inflation twice surged to double-digit levels in the mid andlate 1970s, Americans named it public enemy number one. Since the late 1980s,public anxiety has abated along with inflation itself. Yet even when inflation is low, Americans tend to perceive a morality tale in its effects. A recentsurvey by Yale economist Robert Shiller found that many Americans view differences in pricesover time as a reflection of fundamental changes in the values of our society, rather than of purelyEconomists think of inflation more plainly as a sustainedrise in the general level of prices. Their concerns focuson questions such as whether inflation distorts economicdecisions. Very high inflation adversely impacts economicperformance, as evidence from cross-country studiesshows. Likewise, moderate levels of inflation can distortinvestment and consumption decisions. Recent U.S. experience with low, stable levels of inflation, in the rangeof 2 to 3 percent, has spurred policy makers to considerthe possibility of achieving zero percent inflation. Reducing inflation however has costs in lost output andunemployment during the adjustment. Thus, an importantquestion is whether zero percent inflation is sufficientlybetter for the economy than 2 to 3 percent inflation towarrant the effort of getting there. Americans are most concerned that inflation may lower their standard of living that theirincomes will not keep up with the rise in prices. This anxiety is particularly pronounced for retirees, uneasy about inflation adjustments to theirpensions and financial investments. To plan for retirement requires forming expectations of pricesin the future. Inflation makes this more difficult because even a series of small, unanticipatedincreases in the general price level can significantly erode the real (adjusted for inflation) value ofsavings over time. Shiller finds th at worry about inflations costs increases dramatically asindividuals near retirement age. Americans born before or after 1940 differ more in theirevaluation of inflations effects than do the U.S. and German populations as a whole. effects of inflation uncertaintyMany people understand prices rise because of inflation. But they seem to attribute nominalincreases in their wages more to their own accomplishments than to the feedback effect ofTo the extent that they acknowledge feedback effects, most Americans seem to believe in alagged wage-price model of the economy. That is, they assume that price increases occur firstand wage increases follow, often much later. Shillers survey found a striking number of people over 75 percent of respondents believe that their income would not fully adjust for severalyears after an inflationary episode. Economists have tried to measure whether wage increases lagprice increases since the 1890s but have consistently found the relationship difficult to estimate. Many people also dislike inflation because they feel it makes it easier for the government,employers, financial institutions, and others to deceive them. Thus, over 70 percent of Shillersrespondents agreed that One of the most important things I dont like about inflation is that theconfusion caused by price changes enables people to play tricks on me, at my expense. Thus,some employers may forget to raise their employees wages as much as inflation thereby givingThere is evidence that people do get fooled, at least initially, about their real wages. EconomistsPeter Diamond, Eldar Shafir, and Amos Tversky argue in their recent paper, On MoneyIllusion, that people seem to base their sense of satisfaction on nominal earnings, rather than realearnings. Similarly, Shiller found that over half of his respondents agreed with the statement that,I think that if my pay

Monitoring and Evaluation free essay sample

Question: Write an essay on monitoring and evaluation (ME) in which you: describe the difference between monitoring and evaluation distinguish between participatory ME and conventional ME describe how participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) is used in practice with specific reference to case studies from China Title: Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 Introduction3 2 The difference between monitoring and evaluation3 3 Distinguishing Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation from conventional Monitoring and Evaluation4 4 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) in practice4-6 5 Conclusion7 6 Bibliography8 7 List of Sources8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (ME) 1 Introduction How do we know if a project has achieved efficiency, been appropriate to its stakeholders and provided adequate benefit to as many stakeholders as possible? Has the project produced unwanted or beneficial side effects? Has new knowledge been generated and what learnings can we take from the project? Is the project or elements thereof replicable? This essay explores Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) as part of the project cycle. In order to provide context, it defines monitoring and evaluation and distinguishes between them. It then provides a critical discussion on the difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation (ME). Finally, it focuses on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and how it is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu Qui Vernooy. 2 The difference between monitoring and evaluation Let us first define monitoring and evaluation in order to establish the context. Cloete and Rabie (2009:2) choose the following definition of evaluation by Mark, Greene Shaw: â€Å"Evaluation literally means ‘to work out the value (of something)’ in its Latin root ‘valere’. † Applied to the project cycle, Evaluation â€Å"looks at the bigger picture to make judgments about the worth of the entire project, within context. † (Cornwell, Modiga, Mokgupi, Plaatjie, Rakolojane, Stewart Treurnicht 2009:83) Evaluation answers the question: â€Å"Was our plan a good one? † (Cornwell et al 2006:83) Monitoring on the other hand is concerned more with the ongoing assessment of the project during implementation. According to Cornwell et al (2006:83) â€Å"Monitoring focuses on whether things are happening on time, within budget, and to standard. In essence, monitoring asks the question, â€Å"Did we follow our project design? †Ã¢â‚¬  Extrapolating from the text and from this writer’s Project Management experience, applied to the Results Based logic model, Monitoring is concerned with the assessment of inputs, activities and outputs, whilst Evaluation assesses outcomes and impacts. A key difference between Monitoring and Evaluation is thus the focus. Monitoring is typically focussed on the project implementation activities, which take place in the short to medium term, whilst Evaluation is typically focussed on the ‘big picture’ level of the medium to long term. Another difference is also who is typically concerned with the data produced by Monitoring and Evaluation. From this writer’s experience, the Project Manager, Project Team and Implementing Organisation are typically interested in the data produced by Monitoring. In terms of the data produced by Evaluation, this is the level of data that donors are particularly interested in. This information would also be of interest to project stakeholders. Whilst it is of interest to the Project Manager, Project Team and Implementing Organisation as a whole, Evaluations have traditionally been written for the donor as target audience. 3 Distinguishing Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation from conventional Monitoring and Evaluation Unlike the â€Å"conventional monitoring and evaluation system that works the best as a reporting system in the public sector† (Khan 2006:1), Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is geared towards involving the project stakeholders in the Monitoring and Evaluation of the project. It would be an oversimplification to simply say that Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is preferable and superior to conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. Cloete and Rabie (2009:7) propose a classification system for monitoring and evaluation approaches which uses three main classification categories, namely scope, philosophy and design. Such a classification system allows the Monitoring and Evaluation practitioner to select an appropriate type of ME depending on the project situation. That said, Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation does have definite merits when compared to conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. Cornwell et al (2009:86) summarize these merits as follows: â€Å"Basically, when done properly, participatory evaluation promotes empowerment, confidence, self-esteem and independence. † Let us draw out the key hallmarks of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation outlined in the literature reviewed. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is planned together with the stakeholder group involved in the evaluation. They assist to set questions that are appropriate. The Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is also conducted with stakeholder involvement. The involvement of project stakeholders in this participatory manner results in the development of the participants’ skills in terms of evaluation (capacity building) and also results in utility beyond just a final report, because the participants through their exposure to the project, become informed stakeholders who through the interactions established are empowered to better engage with the project team. A better understanding of the local context is also developed through Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation than through conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. There is a move from the conventional ME focus of accountability to the donor to shared accountability in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. To summarize, the key difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation is the participatory approach of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, whereby the evaluation team draws project stakeholders into the mix and the evaluator plays the role of facilitator or team leader. 4 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) in practice Let us now focus on how Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu, Qui Vernooy. Jianchu, Qui Vernooy’s article (2009:388) â€Å"examines the capacity-building experiences of two research teams in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces in south-west China who used participatory monitoring and evaluation to strengthen their development research, particularly in the area of natural resource management. † Two groups of research teams of the Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programme of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) had identified that they wanted to build their capacity in terms of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. The teams underwent training which was conducted simultaneously. This enabled them to utilize the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach through fieldwork. The fieldwork took place during the course of the training. The discussion that follows will focus on the aspects of the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach that are replicable in other projects and not on the specifics of the research into Natural Resource Management. The following techniques paraphrased from the case study of Jianchu et al (2009:390-2) were applied and are listed chronologically: Capacity building training in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation was offered through three workshops. Research already done was the starting point from which the capacity building process proceeded. The intention was to add PME to ongoing research efforts. The workshops were offered at the same time as field work was undertaken. Participants from both teams attended the workshops together. This allowed for cross-pollination and knowledge sharing. The workshops covered some of the following content: â€Å"Key concepts, approach and basic questions related to PME. † (Jianchu et al 2009:391) â€Å"Exercises that involved identifying and discussing research gaps linked to the six PME questions (why? for whom? what? who? when? how? )† (Jianchu et al 2009:392) â€Å"In small groups, the most important of the identified gaps were debated, and suggestions were made for additional research work. † (Jianchu et al 2009:392) Providing feedback through a ‘market’ exercise whereby participants shared what they â€Å"would ‘buy’ (i. e. adopt) from each other, and what they would do differently. † (Jianchu et al 2009:392) True to the ethos of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, the way in which the workshops were conducted was participatory and geared towards creating shared understanding amongst participants. The knowledge gained through the workshops assisted the participants in terms of their Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach to the fieldwork. At the first workshop, a draft PME plan was generated by each team. The action plan answered the six PME questions (why? for whom? what? who? when? how? ) The fieldwork between workshop one and two involved an initial one-day workshop with project stakeholders (in this case farmers from two villages and township officials). By consulting the stakeholders, the research team was able to update their action plan to include indicators that were more appropriate to the stakeholders. At the second workshop, the results of the fieldwork and updated action plans were presented. During the second workshop, further information was generated by the participants through a process of asking questions. An improved plan was drawn up. For the fieldwork, the following methods and tools were used: â€Å"Focus group discussions, key-informant interviews and meetings were held to take feedback and discuss findings. † (Jianchu et al 2009:393) â€Å"The two PME teams used PRA tools such as resource mapping, focused group discussion, key informant interviewing, and ranking. † (Jianchu et al 2009:393) Gender sensitivity was observed during data analysis and women played an important role in providing information. Feedback about the fieldwork results was given to the stakeholders who participated in the fieldwork. The team introduced self-monitoring instruments in four villages. These were progressively improved with the support of the stakeholders from the villages. Self-monitoring booklets were distributed to the households involved in the self-monitoring. The booklets were designed to be simple and visual. Village meetings were instituted. These were held every three months with the purpose of assessing the situation at the time, collecting comments from the self-monitoring process and troubleshooting problems if they arose. At the third (final) workshop, the participants assessed the overall experience and looked at the way forward on the project and organisational levels. Results: The following results were attributed to the participatory evaluation exercise outlined above: â€Å"the training and fieldwork in particular contributed greatly to a better understanding by researchers and local government officials of farmers’ interests and needs. † (Jianchu et al 2009:398) â€Å"The experiences also suggest that strengthening the processes for peer networking, review, and support are powerful means to build capacities. † (Jianchu et al 2009:398) Project stakeholders took more active and empowered involvement in the project after their experience of being involved in the participatory evaluation. 5 Conclusion This essay has explored Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) as a means for assessment. It distinguished between Monitoring and Evaluation to provide context. Thereafter, it provided a critical discussion on the difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation (ME). Finally it focused on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and how it is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu, Qui Vernooy.