'The edocrine system\r'

'The endocrine carcass The endocrine trunk is a allurement of ductless secretory organs which ar positi superstard by dint of the whole remains. The endocrine secretory organs pass their secretions of internal secretions directly into the countercurrent stream so that they be always conterminous to line of products vessels. Hormones are chemicals in the body drawd and secreted in the body that regulate the function of a limited tissue or organ (Bing dictionary). These chemical messengers polish off information from one set of cells to other.Despite many chemicals being transmitted and circulated around the body via the parenthoodstream, each one only acts n the cells that are genetically programmed to sustain and respond to its message. Hormone levels fuel be influenced by many factors including stress, infection and changes in the balance of fluids at bottom the body. A secretor is a group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals (http://kidshealth. org/par ent/general/body_basics/ endocrine. html). A gland will select and eliminate waste materials from the bloodline, thus process it and secrete the end product for subroutine at another location in the body.Endocrine glands rout more than 20 major internal secretions straight into the loodstream and from here they contribute be transported to the cells in other separate of the body. There are many major glands that reconcile up the endocrine establishment and these include the: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body and the reproductive glands (testes for males and ovaries for females). The pancreas is withal involved in secreting ductless glands which are involved with the maintaining of blood sugar levels in spite of appearance the body.The pancreas is as well as associated with the digestive system as it produced hydrolytic enzymes which caution with digestion. Neuro- endocrine system The nauseated and endocrine systems get word a ll the biological processes within the body and they disregard almost control one another. The nervous system can stimulate or inhibit the oust of certain endocrines while the endocrine system can promote of inhibit nerve impulses. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is found in the lower part of the mavin and is a collection of contingent cells.It has key links with the nervous system and the endocrine system and has an important role in secreting ductless glands. The nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing certain chemicals that can timulate or supress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is moderately polished and is dictated at the base of the brain below the produced hormones that control other endocrine glands within the body. The hypothalamus can convey information sensed by the brain to the pituitary gland to make any changes that could be influenced by factors like emotions and seasonal changes.The pituitary s ecreter The pituitary gland is dual-lane into 2 sections: introductory lobe This regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. It also roduces egression hormone which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues. It also produces prolactin which stimulates mammary gland growth and activates take out toil in females. Thyrotropin is another hormone produced and this stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced which causes the adrenal glands to produce certain hormones.Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) is also produced and affects ovaries in females and stimulates the development of oocytes. It also affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of sperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) affects the ovaries in females and stimulates ovulation, the formation of the corpus luteum and results in secretion of oestrogen and progesterone. It affects the testes of males and stimulates the produ ction of testosterone. The pituitary gland also secretes endorphins. These are chemicals that act on the nervous system and allow us to reduce our sensitiveness to pain.It also triggers the reproductive organs to release fire hormones such as testosterone in males, and estradiol and progesterone in females which play a part in the menstruation cycle. Posterior lobe This releases antidiuretic hormone and this encourages resorption of water by the kidneys. The cornerstone lobe also produces the hormone called oxytocin and this religious services induce labour and produces milk in the mammary glands of females. another(prenominal) hormone produced in the posterior lobe is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and this helps with the darkening of the skin. Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for hit and Complementary Therapies, the hold open Idea Ltd, 2009) Thyroid The thyroid is positioned in the lower region of the neck at the front and it produces a hormone called thyroxine. This is an amino sultry derivative and increases the metabolic rate and heart rate. It also promotes growth within the body. Another development also, and helps with body temperature and plays a role in metabolism. Calcitonin is another hormone form which targets bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood.The production and release of these thyroid hormones is controlled by Thyrotropin and this is secreted by the pituitary gland. If a psyche has more thyroid hormones circulating in the blood stream, the chemical re put throughs within the body will cash in ones chips much quicker. Parathyroids There are 4 base glands that are attached to the thyroid called the parathyroids. These release a hormone called parathyroid hormone and this adjusts the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is also formed in the thyroid. (http://kidshealth. rg/teen/your_body/body_basics/endocrine. html). It also decreases the level of orthophosphate in the blood and promote s the formation of calcitriol by the kidneys. thymus gland The thymus gland plays an important role in the immune system and secretes numerous hormones. One of these is thymosin and this promotes the growth of T- Cells which are a type of white blood cell. (Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009). Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are placed above each kidney and release many hormones that are important in the body.The adrenal glands are divided into 2 sections and each one has a particular function: Adrenal lens pallium The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are essential in the body. These hormones are grouped into mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and enkindle hormones. This produces corticosteroids that regulate water and sodium chloride balance in the body. They also play a role in the bodys response to stress and help maintain metabolism. The adrenal glands also produce mineralcorticoids (mainly aldos terone) and this acts on the kidneys.It regulates the mineral content of the blood by change magnitude blood levels of sodium and water, it also decreases blood levels of potassium. land up hormones called androgens and oestrogens are also produced in the adrenal cortex and these have a small contribution to sex drive and libido. The adrenal medulla in innervated by neurones of the sympathetic branch of the ANS and can right away release hormones called catecholamines. One example of this is epinephrine (also know as adrenaline) and this produces many effects which are connect to short-term stress response.It is also responsible for the â€Å"fght or flight” response which is triggered during times of stress. This increases blood bosom and heart rate (from own personal notes). Another hormone called norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) plays a role in the bodys response to stress. It decreases the rate of digestion and stimulates cellular metabolism. Pineal Gland The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain and it secretes a hormone alled melatonin and this regulates sleep patterns in the body.Reproductive glands In males the reproductive gland is the testes. It produces a hormone called testosterone which regulates the development and maintenance of inessential sex characteristics. In females the reproductive gland is the ovaries. A hormone produces is estradiol which regulates the development and maintenance of alternate sex characteristics. Another hormone produced is progesterone and this prepares the uterus for pregnancy and is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females. PancreasThe pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones around the body and also links with the digestive system as it secretes digestive and hydrolytic enzymes. The pancreas produces 3 hormones. Insulin: this is secreted from the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and is secreted in reply to a raised blood glucose concentration. The effect of insulin is that is lowers blood glucose concentration to normal levels. The modes of action for this are that it stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood by the muscular tissue fibres, liver cells and adipose cells.\r\n'